了解极端温度(如寒冷和高温)下的植物应激记忆可能有助于植物发育。植物使用不同类型的压力记忆,比如躯体,代际和跨代,受DNA和组蛋白修饰以及microRNA(miRNA)等表观遗传变化的调节,在从早期发育到成熟的基因调控中起关键作用。在大多数情况下,冷应激和热应激导致短期表观遗传修饰,在应激停止后可以恢复到基线修饰水平。然而,一些修改可能是稳定的,并作为压力记忆传递,有可能让它们代代相传,而一些修饰在有性生殖或胚胎发生过程中被重新激活。几种应激相关基因通过打开和关闭转录谱和表观遗传变化参与应激记忆遗传。春化是躯体应激记忆的最好例子。开花基因座C(FLC)基因的染色质结构的变化,MADS-box转录因子(TF),在有丝分裂期间保持冷应激记忆。FLC表达在冬季抑制高水平开花;在春化期间,B3TFs,冷记忆顺式作用元件和多梳抑制复合物1和2(PRC1和2)沉默FLC激活。相比之下,SQUAMOSA启动子结合蛋白样(SPL)TF的抑制和热休克TF(HSFA2)的激活是热应激记忆所必需的。然而,目前还不清楚压力记忆是如何被后代遗传的,关于植物应激记忆和有丝分裂和减数分裂可遗传变化的调节机制的综合观点仍然很少。因此,在这次审查中,我们关注应激记忆的表观遗传调控,并讨论新技术在开发表观遗传修饰以改善应激记忆中的应用。
Understanding plant stress memory under extreme temperatures such as cold and heat could contribute to plant development. Plants employ different types of stress memories, such as somatic, intergenerational and transgenerational, regulated by epigenetic changes such as DNA and histone modifications and microRNAs (miRNA), playing a key role in gene regulation from early development to maturity. In most cases, cold and heat stresses result in short-term epigenetic modifications that can return to baseline modification levels after stress cessation. Nevertheless, some of the modifications may be stable and passed on as stress memory, potentially allowing them to be inherited across generations, whereas some of the modifications are reactivated during sexual reproduction or embryogenesis. Several stress-related genes are involved in stress memory inheritance by turning on and off transcription profiles and epigenetic changes. Vernalization is the best example of somatic stress memory. Changes in the chromatin structure of the Flowering Locus C (FLC) gene, a MADS-box transcription factor (TF), maintain cold stress memory during mitosis. FLC expression suppresses flowering at high levels during winter; and during vernalization, B3 TFs, cold memory cis-acting element and polycomb repressive complex 1 and 2 (PRC1 and 2) silence FLC activation. In contrast, the repression of SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL) TF and the activation of Heat Shock TF (HSFA2) are required for heat stress memory. However, it is still unclear how stress memory is inherited by offspring, and the integrated view of the regulatory mechanisms of stress memory and mitotic and meiotic heritable changes in plants is still scarce. Thus, in this review, we focus on the epigenetic regulation of stress memory and discuss the application of new technologies in developing epigenetic modifications to improve stress memory.