Injuries are recognised in sports and exercise medicine as not isolated incidents but complex outcomes. This is because an athlete\'s health trajectory is understood to be shaped by dynamic, complex linkages between individual performance, biology, and the wider social and cultural contexts and systems in which individuals perform. Despite this recognition, little attention has been paid to how interpersonal and contextual dynamics can potentially affect the risk of injury by influencing the choices and decisions made by coaches, parents and athletes. To address this gap, this narrative review bridges insights from sociocultural studies in sports with the findings of sports injury research. The narrative review aims to identify and summarise how interpersonal and contextual dynamics influence the risk of youth sports injuries. The results reveal the pressures faced by athletes, often leading to compromised health. Moreover, the review underscores the importance of designing complex interventions and strategies to promote healthier practices in youth sports. Specifically, intervention programmes should prioritise raising awareness of injury risks, cultivating effective communication skills and fostering supportive training environments.

OBJECTIVE: Maintaining stable blood supplies presents an increasing challenge for blood collection agencies (BCAs). Novel and multidisciplinary approaches and research have been called for to understand the mechanisms underlying the trends. The current body of sociological research on blood donation is a potentially valuable resource, but it is dispersed over different publications and theoretical frameworks.
METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of sociological research on voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation to identify insights and practical applications for researchers and BCAs.
RESULTS: Four organizing themes were identified: donated blood, blood donors, organizations and blood service systems. Key challenges associated with the organization of voluntary blood donation exist at the institutional and systems levels, and they may not be readily resolved by interventions focussed solely on the individual donor level. We identified opportunities for organizations to build trust with donors and the public through communications and working with communities to promote inclusion in blood donation.
CONCLUSIONS: The results support a multidisciplinary approach and research for BCAs to move forward and find novel ways to ensure safe, resilient blood service systems.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a highly prevalent public health challenge and human rights violation. Sociological theories address social structures to understand prevalence and dynamics of IPV against women. This systematic review aims (1) to identify, describe, categorize, and synthesize sociological theories that account for predictors of IPV against women, and (2) to compare and contrast sociological theories of predictors of IPV against women. Following a structured search of nine electronic databases, members of the review team screened title/abstract and full texts against inclusion and exclusion criteria, to identify studies that engaged with theory/ies of predictors of IPV. Review team members extracted data according to a data extraction template developed for the review. Results are presented using a narrative synthesis approach. Following review of 108 included articles, included articles were grouped into sub-theories. The sub-theories provide differing, yet overlapping, accounts of predictors of male perpetration of IPV and women\'s experience of IPV. Sociological theories primarily engage with exo- and macro-system levels of the social-ecological framework, yet some also address structural influences on individual behaviors. This systematic review fills a gap in theoretical syntheses of sociological theories of predictors of male-perpetrated IPV against women and also provides critical analysis of how these theories overlap and intersect. While sociological theories may not be able to fully explain all aspects of dynamics of male-perpetrated IPV against women, this overview indicates that there are several compelling components of sociological theory that hold explanatory power for comprehending how, where, and why IPV occurs.

UNASSIGNED: Oral history as a method of understanding the lived experience spans multiple disciplines including education, women and gender studies, history, and disability studies. Oral histories can be a vehicle for people on the periphery to tell their stories, a method well suited to pursuits related to social justice and social work. The purpose of this manuscript is to report on a scoping review that was conducted to better understand how oral history methods have been used in social work.
UNASSIGNED: To answer our review question, we use an established scoping review framework. Based on eligibility criteria, 23 manuscripts were identified - all published in peer-reviewed English language journals between 2005 and 2023 and written by social work-credentialed authors.
UNASSIGNED: The authors identified three themes that reflect the uses of oral history studies in social work: oral history used as a teaching tool in social work education, oral history used to document the experiences and knowledge of social service trailblazers, and commentaries about using oral history and other biographical methods in social work.
UNASSIGNED: This review highlights how oral history, as a method, has contributed to social work research and scholarship.
UNASSIGNED: Recommendations are made as to the usefulness of oral history to address social problems and practice issues important to the field of social work.

Increasing awareness of health disparities has led to proposals for a pay-for-equity scheme. Implementing such proposals requires systematic methods of collecting and reporting health outcomes for targeted demographics over time. This lays the foundation for a shift from quality improvement projects (QIPs) to equality improvement projects (EQIPs) that could evaluate adherence to standards and progress toward health equity. We performed a scoping review on EQIPs to inform a new framework for quality improvement through a health equity lens. Forty studies implemented an intervention after identifying a disparity compared to 149 others which merely identified group differences. Most evaluated race-based differences and were conducted at the institutional level, with representation in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. EQIPs that improved equity leveraged multidisciplinary expertise, healthcare staff education, and developed tools to track health outcomes continuously. EQIPs can help bridge the inequality gap and form part of an incentivized systematic equality improvement framework.

Being a close relative of a person with depression can take a heavy toll on the former, but these relatives are increasingly made responsible for taking on extensive carer roles. Research on relatives of people with depression is currently dominated by a focus on \"carer burden\" and although such a focus can explain many relatives\' experiences and daily lives, it provides very limited insight into the everyday life of a person living with someone with depression. Therefore, we scoped qualitative research on people who are relatives of people living with depression and identified knowledge gaps caused by explicit or implicit theoretical or methodological assumptions. We conducted an exhaustive literature search in CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and Eric. In total, 34 publications were included, their quality evaluated and their findings mapped and summarized. We identified four interrelated and overlapping themes that dominated the findings of the publications: (a) recognition of \"depression\", (b) emotional responses, (c) interruptions of relationships, and (d) a staged psychosocial process. The vast majority of studies presented de-contextualized and underinterpreted analyses assuming a homogeneity of (illness) experiences and disregarded the important influence of social contributors to social relationships, connectedness, and mental health problems.

This article offers the first critical review of focused ethnography, an increasingly popular research method across health disciplines. Focused ethnographers, we argue, exemplify the practice of methodological boundary work, defining their method in contrast to the \'traditional\' ethnographic approach of anthropology and sociology. To examine this boundary work, we collected two samples of health research articles published over the last decade and compared how focused ethnographers and medical anthropologists described, justified, and practised ethnography. We found that the core characteristics most often asserted to differentiate focused ethnography from conventional ethnography were: a more limited study timeframe and scope; a limited subpopulation sample; more concentrated research questions; the inclusion of insider researchers; and more orientation towards applied results. We show, however, that these are imagined binaries that fail to map onto actual differences of practice in the two samples and which obscure many similarities between them. By contrast, we identified four alternative differences between the two methods of ethnography. These centre on understandings of \'research time\'; the very meaning of ethnography; the relationship of researchers to \'data\'; and the presumed best method of social intervention. We therefore define focused ethnography as a versatile method of ethnography that attends to specific epistemological expectations within the health sciences regarding valid proof and empirical description, the boundaries of research, the nature of research relationships, and the duty to improve biomedicine. Ultimately, our study highlights that methodological boundary-work matters, because assumed differences and unexpressed misunderstandings can prevent productive dialogue and fruitful collaboration between disciplines to address pressing health problems.

Purpose: The capacity to recover motor function with pathology or age-related decline is termed physical resilience. It is unknown what outcome domains are captured with existing measurement instruments. Thus, this scoping review aimed to identify measurement instruments for physical resilience, identify research gaps, and make recommendations for future research. Methods: Articles were included from the search when their subject matter included the term resilience in relation to the physical health of older adults. Data on physical resilience measurement instruments were extracted using the outcome domains: body function or structure, activity and participation, and societal impact. Results: The majority of the 33 included articles involved older adults with fractures, cardiac conditions, and cancer. Many measurement instruments quantified body function or structure, and some instruments captured activity and participation, and societal impact of physical resilience. Measurement instruments were pooled into 4 categories: psychological, physiological, motor function, and psychosocial scales. No studies combined all areas of measurement. Conclusions: A potential gap of a measurement instrument capturing social aspects of physical resilience was identified. Comprehensive measurement could identify which outcome domains could be targeted to foster resilience. This knowledge might be useful across many health disciplines and contribute to therapeutic decision-making and rehabilitation strategies.
Objectif : la résilience physique désigne la capacité de recouvrer sa fonction motrice malgré le déclin lié à une pathologie ou à l’âge. On ne sait pas quels domaines de résultats cliniques les instruments de mesure actuels saisissent. Ainsi, la présente étude de portée visait à déterminer les instruments pour mesurer la résilience physique, repérer les lacunes de la recherche et faire des recommandations en vue des futures recherches. Méthodologie : les articles de la recherche étaient conservés lorsque leur sujet incluait le terme resilience à l’égard de la santé physique des personnes âgées. Les chercheurs ont extrait les données sur les instruments de mesure de la résilience physique au moyen des domaines de résultats suivants : fonction ou structure corporelle, l’activité et la participation et les répercussions sociétales. Résultats : la majorité des 33 articles inclus portaient sur des personnes âgées ayant des fractures, des affections cardiaques et un cancer. De nombreux instruments de mesure quantifiaient la fonction ou la structure corporelle et certains saisissaient l’activité, la participation et les répercussions sociétales de la résilience physique. Les chercheurs ont regroupé les instruments de mesure en quatre catégories : échelles psychologique, physiologique, de la fonction motrice et psychosociale. Aucune étude ne combinait tous les domaines de mesure. Conclusions : les chercheurs ont repéré une lacune potentielle d’un instrument qui saisit les aspects sociaux de la résilience physique. Une mesure exhaustive pourrait déterminer les domaines de résultat à cibler pour favoriser la résilience. Ces connaissances pourraient être utiles dans de nombreuses disciplines et contribuer aux décisions thérapeutiques et aux stratégies de réadaptation.

Sociometric or whole network analysis, a method used to analyze relational patterns among social actors, emphasizes the role of social structure in shaping behaviour. Such method has been applied to many aspects of illicit drug research, including in the areas of public health, epidemiology, and criminology. Previous reviews about social networks and drugs have lacked a focus on the use of sociometric network analysis for illicit drugs research across disciplines. The current scoping review aimed to provide an overview of the sociometric network analysis methods used in illicit drugs research and to assess how such methods could be used for future research.
A systematic search of six databases (Web of Science, ProQuest Sociology Collection, Political Science Complete, PubMed, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and PsycINFO) returned 72 relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria. To be included, studies had to mention illicit drugs and use whole social network analysis as one of their methods. Studies were summarized quantitatively and qualitatively using a data-charting form and a description of the studies\' main topics.
Sociometric network analysis in illicit drugs research has grown in popularity in the last decade, using mostly descriptive network metrics, such as degree centrality (72.2%) and density (44.4%). Studies were found to belong to three study domains. The first, drug crimes investigated network resilience and collaboration patterns in drug trafficking networks. The second domain, public health, focused on the social networks and social support of people who use drugs. Finally, the third domain focused on the collaboration networks of policy, law enforcement, and service providers.
Future illicit drugs research using whole network SNA should include more diverse data sources and samples, incorporate mixed and qualitative methods, and apply social network analysis to study drug policy.

Psychology and neuroscience have contributed significantly to advances in understanding compassion. In contrast, little attention has been given to the epidemiology of compassion. The human experience of compassion is heterogeneous with respect to time, place, and person. Therefore, compassion has an epidemiology, although little is known about the factors that account for spatial or temporal clustering of compassion or how these factors might be harnessed to promote and realize a more compassionate world. We reviewed the scientific literature to describe what is known about \"risk factors\" for compassion towards others. Studies were included if they used quantitative methods, treated compassion as an outcome, and used measures of compassion that included elements of empathy and action to alleviate suffering. Eighty-two studies met the inclusion criteria; 89 potential risk factors were tested 418 times for association with compassion. Significant associations with compassion were found for individual demographic factors (e.g., gender, religious faith); personal characteristics (e.g., emotional intelligence, perspective-taking, secure attachment); personal experience (e.g., previous adversity); behaviors (e.g., church attendance); circumstantial factors during the compassion encounter (e.g., perceptions of suffering severity, relational proximity of the compassion-giver and -receiver, emotional state of the compassion-giver); and organizational features. Few studies explored the capacity to receive, rather than give, compassion. Definitions and measures of compassion varied widely across disciplines; 87% of studies used self-report measures and 39% used a cross-sectional design. Ten randomized clinical trials documented the effectiveness of compassion training. From an epidemiologic perspective, most studies treated compassion as an individual host factor rather than as transmissible or influenced by time or the environment. The causal pathways leading from suffering to a compassionate response appear to be non-linear and complex. A variety of factors (acting as effect modifiers) appear to be permissive of-or essential for-the arising of compassion in certain settings or specific populations. Future epidemiologic research on compassion should take into account contextual and environmental factors and should elucidate compassion-related dynamics within organizations and human systems. Such research should be informed by a range of epidemiologic tools and methods, as well as insights from other scientific disciplines and spiritual and religious traditions.