BACKGROUND:  Self-reports of electronic cigarette (ECIG) device and liquid characteristics are not always accurate or consistent with characteristics as measured by researchers. Two methods for measuring ECIG characteristics were compared: user self-reports and rater-coded pictures.
METHODS:  Exclusive ECIG users (N = 321) reported on device (disposable, refillable, adjustable power, brand) and liquid (nicotine concentration, formulation, flavor) characteristics. To measure device type, they chose the term that best described their device (\"cig-alike,\" \"vape pen,\" \"mod,\" \"pod,\" \"don\'t know\") and the picture that best resembled their device (cig-alike, vape pen, box mod, USB-shaped pod, teardrop-shaped pod, none). Respondents uploaded device and liquid pictures, and independent raters coded these same features. Agreement between methods was examined with Cohen\'s kappa and intra-class correlations, including with \"don\'t know\" responses included and excluded from analyses.
RESULTS:  Regardless of how \"don\'t know\" responses were treated, agreement was highest for disposable (95.3-97.7%), refillable (96.3%), adjustable power (83.6-88.7%), and brand (77.9-80.4%), and lower for nicotine concentration (72.7%), nicotine formulation (58.6-79.4%), and flavor (66.2%). For device type, agreement was moderate using both term-based (67.9-78.8%) and picture resemblance-based (71.7%) items. For terms, the greatest discrepancy was for devices classified as \"vape pens\" by self-reports; of these, 70.6% were classified as \"pods\" by raters. For picture resemblance, ∼13% of users reported that their device resembled none of the pictures; raters classified these devices as USB-shaped pods (50.0%) and mods (23.8%).
CONCLUSIONS:  Self-reports may be sufficient for measuring some characteristics (brand, disposable, refillable, adjustable power), but not others (nicotine concentration and formulation, and some flavor).

BACKGROUND: Data on resource use are frequently required for healthcare assessments. Studies on healthcare utilization (HCU) in individuals with mental disorders have analyzed both self-reports and administrative data. Source of data may affect the quality of analysis and compromise the accuracy of results. We sought to ascertain the degree of agreement between self-reports and statutory health insurance (SHI) fund claims data from patients with mental disorders.
METHODS: Claims data from six German SHI and self-reports were obtained along with a cost-effectiveness analysis performed as a part of a controlled prospective multicenter cohort study conducted in 18 psychiatric hospitals in Germany (PsychCare), including patients with pre-defined psychiatric disorders. Self-reports were collected using the German adaption of the Client Sociodemographic and Service Receipt Inventory (CSSRI) questionnaire with a 6-month recall period. Data linkage was performed using a unique pseudonymized identifier. Missing responses were coded as non-use for all analyses. HCU was calculated for inpatient and outpatient care, day-care services, home treatment, and pharmaceuticals. Concordance was measured using Cohen\'s Kappa (κ) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Regression approaches were used to investigate the effect of independent variables on the agreements.
RESULTS: In total 274 participants (mean age 47.8 [SD = 14.2] years; 47.08% women) were included in the analysis. No significant differences were observed between the linked and unlinked patients in terms of baseline characteristics. Total agreements values were 63.9% (κ = 0.03; PABAK = 0.28) for outpatient contacts, 69.3% (κ = 0.25; PABAK = 0.39) for medication use, 81.0% (κ = 0.56; PABAK = 0.62) for inpatient days and 86.1% (κ = 0.67; PABAK = 0.72) for day-care services. There was varied quantitative agreement between data sources, with the poorest agreement for outpatient care (ICC [95% CI] = 0.22 [0.10-0.33]) and the best for psychiatric day-care services (ICC [95% CI] = 0.72 [0.66-0.78]). Marital status and time since first treatment positively affected the chance of agreement on utilization of outpatient services.
CONCLUSIONS: Although there were high levels of absolute agreement, the measures of concordance between administrative records and self-reports were generally minimal to moderate. Healthcare investigations should consider using linked or at least different data sources to estimate HCU for specific utilization areas, where unbiased information can be expected.
BACKGROUND: This study was part of the multi-center controlled PsychCare trial (German Clinical Trials Register No. DRKS00022535; Date of registration: 2020-10-02).

Research demonstrates that people can fake on self-rated emotional intelligence scales. As yet, no studies have investigated whether informants (where a knowledgeable informant rates a target\'s emotional intelligence) can also fake on emotional intelligence inventories. This study compares mean score differences for a simulated job selection versus a standard instructed set for both self-ratings and informant-ratings on the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF). In a 2 × 2 between-person design, participants (N = 81 community volunteers, 151 university students) completed the TEIQue-SF as either self-report or informant-report in one of two instruction conditions (answer honestly, job simulation). Both self-reports (d = 1.47) and informant-reports (d = 1.56) were significantly higher for job simulation than \"answer honestly\" instructions, indicating substantial faking. We conclude that people can fake emotional intelligence for both themselves (self-report) and on behalf of someone else (informant-report). We discuss the relevance of our findings for self- and informant-report assessment in applied contexts.

Self-reports remain affective science\'s only direct measure of subjective affective experiences. Yet, little research has sought to understand the psychological process that transforms subjective experience into self-reports. Here, we propose that by framing these self-reports as dynamic affective decisions, affective scientists may leverage the computational tools of decision-making research, sequential sampling models specifically, to better disentangle affective experience from the noisy decision processes that constitute self-report. We further outline how such an approach could help affective scientists better probe the specific mechanisms that underlie important moderators of affective experience (e.g., contextual differences, individual differences, and emotion regulation) and discuss how adopting this decision-making framework could generate insight into affective processes more broadly and facilitate reciprocal collaborations between affective and decision scientists towards a more comprehensive and integrative psychological science.

UNASSIGNED: For decades, a substantial body of research has confirmed the subjective nature of pain. Subjectivity seems to be integrated into the concept of pain but is often confined to self-reported pain. Although it seems likely that past and current pain experiences would interact and influence subjective pain reports, the influence of these factors has not been investigated in the context of physiological pain. The current study focused on exploring the influence of past/current pain on self-reporting and pupillary responses to pain.
UNASSIGNED: Overall, 47 participants were divided into two groups, a 4°C-10°C group (experiencing major pain first) and a 10°C-4°C group (experiencing minor pain first), and performed cold pressor tasks (CPT) twice for 30 s each. During the two rounds of CPT, participants reported their pain intensity, and their pupillary responses were measured. Subsequently, they reappraised their pain ratings in the first CPT session.
UNASSIGNED: Self-reported pain showed a significant difference (4°C-10°C: p = 0.045; 10°C-4°C: p < 0.001) in the rating of cold pain stimuli in both groups, and this gap was higher in the 10°C-4°C group than in the 4°C-10°C group. In terms of pupillary response, the 4°C-10°C group exhibited a significant difference in pupil diameter, whereas this was marginally significant in the 10°C-4°C group (4°C-10°C: p < 0.001; 10°C-4°C: p = 0.062). There were no significant changes in self-reported pain after reappraisal in either group.
UNASSIGNED: The findings of the current study confirmed that subjective and physiological responses to pain can be altered by previous experiences of pain.

For attaining success in writing, motivation is essential. Crucially, instruction is dependent on knowing the student\'s capabilities and inner drives. To date, research on writing has yet to establish a consistent framework for assessing writing motivation, and often fails to acknowledge students\' self-reports, rather favoring evaluations of students\' writing motivation made by others, such as teachers and researchers. This limbo state originates partly from a general skepticism towards the trustworthiness of elementary students\' self-reports. Nonetheless, the validity of such self-reports has been acknowledged in adjacent fields, such as reading. Aiming to establish a knowledge base from studies addressing students\' voices, the present study adopts the method of a systematic review and investigates how writing motivation has been assessed in empirical studies (1996-2020) through K-5 students\' self-reports. Of the 7047 studies identified through database search, 56 met the inclusion criteria and are examined in this review. Results indicate that (a) storytelling is the genre most used to operationalize writing in the investigations, (b) surveys and interview questions measuring students\' attitude towards writing are the most common type of self-report used, and (c) students\' voices are weighted differently across the studies. Findings suggest that future research should (1) work to counteract existing biases in writing tasks, (2) provide a rationale for their choice/design of measure of motivation, and (3) report clearly whose voices are being heard (e.g., students\', teachers\', or researchers\') and the appropriateness of this choice regarding study purpose, design, and findings.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10648-023-09732-6.

We evaluated audience control over children\'s honest reports using a reversal (ABA or ABAB) design. Four typically developing children performed a computer game in which they had to shoot a target and then report on their performance during and at the end of each session. Baseline assessed the accuracy of their reports in the absence of an experimenter. During the audience condition, an adult was present in the room and observed the child during the task. Participants accurately reported their errors when an adult was present, whereas they lied about their performance by systematically reporting errors as correct responses when an adult was absent. Honest reports about their total score at the end of the session also increased in the presence of the audience member. These results suggest that the presence of an adult exerted control over children\'s honest/accurate reports. We discussed the reasons why the presence of an adult may have served as a discriminative stimulus for honest reports.

There is uncertainty among researchers and clinicians about how to best measure autism spectrum dimensional traits in adults. In a sample of adults with high levels of autism spectrum traits and without intellectual disability (probands, n = 103) and their family members (n = 96), we sought to compare self vs. informant reports of autism spectrum-related traits and possible effects of sex on discrepancies. Using correlational analysis, we found poor agreement between self- and informant-report measures for probands, yet moderate agreement for family members. We found reporting discrepancy was greatest for female probands, often self-reporting more autism-related behaviors. Our findings suggest that autism spectrum traits are often underrecognized by informants, making self-report data important to collect in clinical and research settings.

In response to shortcomings with the current diagnostic classification system for mental health disorders, such as poor validity and reliability of categorical diagnoses, the National Institute of Mental Health proposed the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative to move towards a dimensional approach using translational research. The current study examined associations between measures of behaviors, cognitions, and mental health symptoms and how they overlap in the Negative Valence Systems (NVS) domain. Specifically, we examined how the Self-Reports unit of analysis reflects the RDoC NVS constructs of acute threat, potential threat, sustained threat, frustrative nonreward, and loss. The overall goal was to identify additional self-report measures that reflect these constructs. Participants, two student samples and two community samples (total N = 1,509), completed online self-reported measures. Questionnaire total and subscale scores were submitted to a principal-axis factor analysis with Promax rotation separately for each sample. For both student samples and one community sample six-factor solutions emerged reflecting major aspects of the RDoC NVS and positive valence systems, particularly acute threat (i.e., fear/panic), potential threat (i.e., inhibition/worry), sustained threat (i.e., chronic stress), loss (i.e., low well-being), frustrative nonreward (i.e., reactive aggression), and reduced behavioral activation. The second community sample differed in that fear/panic and frustration/anger was combined in a general distress factor. Recommendations for additional NVS self-report markers are discussed.

(1) Hyperglycemia and oral pathology accelerate each other in diabetes. We evaluated whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with self-reported increased oral health care needs and oral symptoms, including third molar symptoms, during pregnancy. (2) Pregnant women with (n = 1030) and without GDM (n = 935) were recruited in this multicenter Finnish Gestational Diabetes study in 2009-2012. Of the women with GDM, 196 (19.0%) receiving pharmacological treatment, 797 (77.0%) receiving diet treatment and 233 (23.0%) with recurrent GDM were analyzed separately. Oral health was assessed using structured questionnaires and analyzed by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for background risk factors. (3) Women with GDM were more likely to report a higher need for oral care than controls (31.1% vs. 24.5%; odds ratio (OR) 1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-1.69), particularly women with recurrent GDM (38.1% vs. 24.5%; OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.40-2.58). Women with pharmacologically treated GDM (46.9%) more often had third molar symptoms than controls (36.1%; OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.15-2.15) than women with diet-treated GDM (38.0%; OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.07-2.02). (4) GDM is associated with perceived oral care needs. Third molar symptoms were associated with pharmacologically treated GDM.