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Numerous intraocular lens (IOLs) options are available for treating pediatric ectopia lentis, and this paper reviews recent literature on pediatric ectopia lentis treatment with iris-fixated and scleral-fixated IOLs. A comprehensive search was undertaken on PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane, Wiley, SCOPUS, and EBSCO. Studies published in the last ten years that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Seventeen studies exhibiting low to moderate risk of bias were included in this review, with eight on iris-fixated IOL (IFIOL), six on scleral-fixated IOL (SFIOL), and three on both IOLs. From the included studies, these data were extracted and compared: best-corrected visual acuity, endothelial cell density, postoperative complications, IOL stability, and intraocular pressure. IFIOL and SFIOL show comparable lens stability, offer good visual rehabilitation, and demonstrate equivalent safety profiles. There is no discerning superiority between IFIOL and SFIOL in treating pediatric ectopia lentis. The choice of which IOL to implant depends on the surgeon\'s preference.

In today\'s digital age, children and teenagers are deeply entrenched in the world of personal electronic devices including laptops, tablets, and smartphones. These serve as gateways to captivate online content. With children as young as 4 years old having access to these gadgets, the potential benefits of technology coexist with many possible risks. One such risk is the growing global issue of myopia. TikTok, a mobile application that gained immense popularity since its inception in 2016, has garnered 1.7 billion active monthly users in 2023 and is expected to reach two billion in 2024. A significant portion of TikTok\'s user base consists of adolescents, with approximately 41% falling in the 16-24 age group and a third aged 14 or younger. This social media platform has given rise to the phenomenon of \"internet challenges,\" where users complete and share various tasks through videos. While most of these challenges are harmless, some pose serious risks to teenagers who eagerly seek validation and attention from their peers. This manuscript sheds light on a specific subset of TikTok challenges, namely those related to ophthalmological risks. These challenges include \"rubbing castor oil trend,\" \"bleach/bright eye challenge,\" \"mucus fishing challenge,\" \"eggsplosions\", \"beezin challenge\", \"Orbeez challenge\", \"blow-drying eyelashes\", \"sun gazing,\" and \"popping styes\". The manuscript emphasizes the importance of monitoring and regulating potentially dangerous content on social media platforms like TikTok. While these platforms offer educational opportunities, they can also promote life-threatening actions, necessitating efforts to protect vulnerable young users and promote safe online engagement.

Conjunctivitis is a common pediatric problem and is broadly divided into infectious and non-infectious etiologies. Bacterial conjunctivitis makes up the majority of cases in children and often presents with purulent discharge and mattering of the eyelids. Treatment is supportive with an individual approach to antibiotic use in uncomplicated cases since it may shorten symptom duration, but is not without risks. Viral conjunctivitis is the other infectious cause and is primarily caused by adenovirus, with a burning, gritty feeling and watery discharge. Treatment is supportive. Allergic conjunctivitis is largely seasonal and presents with bilateral itching and watery discharge. Treatment can include topical lubricants, topical antihistamine agents, or systemic antihistamines. Other causes of conjunctivitis include foreign bodies and non-allergic environmental causes. Contact lens wearers should always be treated for bacterial conjunctivitis and referred to evaluate for corneal ulcers. Neonatal conjunctivitis requires special care with unique pathogens and considerations. This review covers essential information for the primary care pediatric provider as they assess cases of conjunctivitis.

OBJECTIVE: While typically affecting older adults and immunocompromised individuals, herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) has been reported with varying manifestations and complications in children. In this review, we evaluate reported cases of pediatric HZO in the literature and discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes.
METHODS: A literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed using the terms \"pediatric herpes zoster ophthalmicus\" and \"herpes zoster ophthalmicus children.\" Publications that were not specific to HZO or pediatric populations were excluded, as were publications that were not available to review or not published in the English language.
RESULTS: Fifty-seven reports describing 130 cases of HZO or HZO-related complications were reviewed. Major risk factors for pediatric HZO included intrauterine exposure to varicella or primary varicella infection at a young age; HZO also occurred in patients who had received varicella vaccination. Both healthy and immunocompromised children were affected, with the majority of affected children being immunocompetent. The diagnosis of HZO is primarily clinical. Children appear to have good vision recovery and resolution of symptoms if they are treated promptly and if they adhere to treatment regimens, except for irreversible vision loss related to uncommon complications such as optic neuritis.
CONCLUSIONS: HZO occurs in both healthy and immunocompromised children. Recognizing this treatable condition is essential for reducing ocular and systemic morbidity. Long-term follow-up and assessments of the impact on health in adulthood are lacking. More systematic study is needed to determine the incidence of HZO in children and appropriate diagnostic and treatment protocols for the care of pediatric patients with HZO.

Orbital cellulitis in the pediatric population is treated primarily with antibiotic therapy. This leaves the inflammatory component unchecked. Corticosteroid therapy has been used to accelerate recovery and decrease the long-term morbidity in other infectious conditions. Its use has also been proposed for pediatric orbital cellulitis. The aim of this manuscript is to conduct a literature review to summarize existing evidence and understand ongoing controversies. Overall, prior investigations on corticosteroid therapy for pediatric orbital cellulitis are limited by their study design and sample sizes. One of the most discussed potential benefits is that adjuvant steroid therapy for pediatric orbital cellulitis is associated with shorter hospitalization without major infectious complications. However, decreased hospitalization length is an imperfect metric, especially without standardized criteria for hospital discharge. Future studies are warranted to better guide the use of adjuvant steroid therapy and to optimize its potential in the management of pediatric orbital cellulitis.

Aggressive retinopathy of prematurity (A-ROP), formerly known as aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (APROP), occurs generally in extremely premature infants less than 28 weeks gestational age with extreme low birth weight of ≤1000g. We report a case of A-ROP occurring in a larger and less preterm infant. The possible risk factors that lead to the occurrence of A-ROP in this infant will be discussed. An infant born vaginally at 30 weeks gestational age weighing 1550g was diagnosed with A-ROP. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening was performed due to the presence of risk factors: prematurity, low birth weight, received supplemental oxygen, intraventricular hemorrhage and history of maternal chorioamnionitis. Following a single injection of intravitreal ranibizumab, significant regression of A-ROP was observed. A-ROP was unexpected in this infant and was believed to have developed as a result of receipt of supplemental oxygen, maternal chorioamnionitis, and Ureaplasma infection.

UNASSIGNED: To study the initial presenting symptoms of Takayasu arteritis in unsuspecting patients.
UNASSIGNED: The underlying systemic condition was suspected in five subjects at a tertiary eye care center based on their ocular features. Similar reports in the literature were collated and analyzed for the common presenting features of undiagnosed Takayasu arteritis.
UNASSIGNED: The most common presenting ophthalmic symptoms were vision loss (86.8%), ocular pain (21.1%), eye redness (18.4%), and photophobia (5.3%). There were no reports of glaucoma at presentation. Pupillary abnormalities (42.1%), microaneurysms in retinal mid-periphery (42.1%) and venous engorgement (28.9%) were the most common presenting signs. Despite systemic symptoms such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, arm claudication, fever, anorexia, weight loss, and syncope in 76.3% of cases, the patients in this series had never sought medical care before developing ocular symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: Takayasu arteritis may remain latent until the ophthalmic complications compel the patient to seek medical attention. Hence, ophthalmologists need to be aware of the seemingly innocuous presentations of the disease.

UNASSIGNED: To compare efficacy of treat and extend (T&E) versus fixed regimen treatment protocols in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).
UNASSIGNED: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing T&E versus fixed regimen protocols for nAMD were systematically searched. Primary outcome was to compare the mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change in T&E regimen versus fixed regimen. Secondary outcomes were change in the mean optical coherence tomography (OCT) central retinal thickness (CRT) and mean number of injections. Standardized mean difference (SMD) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Random-effect models were used for meta-analyses.
UNASSIGNED: Four RCTs were included, with a total of 649 and 621 eyes in the T&E and fixed regimen cohort at 12 months, and 267 and 249 eyes at 24 months. Pooled analysis of mean BCVA change included all four RCTs at 12 months and two RCTs at 24 months, showing no difference between the two groups (12-month: SMD = 0.08, 95% CI: -0.20 to 0.35, p = 0.55; 24-month: SMD = 0.04, 95% CI: -0.13 to 0.21, p = 0.64). Pooled analysis of OCT CRT change at 12 months included three studies, showing no difference between the two groups (SMD = 0.03, 95% CI: -0.46 to 0.51, p = 0.91). Pooled analysis of mean injection number included all four RCTs at 12 months and two RCTs at 24 months, showing significant difference between the two groups (12-month: SMD = -1.11, 95% CI: -1.67 to -0.56, p < 0.001; 24-month: SMD = -1.34, 95% CI: -1.54 to -1.15, p < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: A T&E regimen proved as effective as a fixed dosage regimen throughout a 24-month follow-up and with a lower number of injections.