UNASSIGNED: EphA2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor and is considered a promising target in cancer. Different approaches are used to target EphA2 receptor and a lot of preclinical data demonstrate the potential exploitation of this receptor in clinical oncology for diagnosis and cancer therapy, including immunotherapy.
UNASSIGNED: In this review we summarize the recent patents involving the EphA2 targeting in cancer. For this aim we used the patents database Patentscope covering the time period of 2018 - present. Preclinical and clinical data of the inventions were considered when published on peer reviewed journals. Moreover, the clinicalTrial.gov identifiers (NCT numbers) were included when available. For an easier and more immediate reading we classify the patents in different categories considering the nature (aptamers, small molecules, antibodies, peptides, antigens and chimeric antigen receptors) of the inventions exploiting EphA2 in clinical oncology.
UNASSIGNED: Despite the availability of a plethora of chemically diverse agents, there are no approved anticancer drugs targeting EphA2 yet. However, these intellectual properties, some of which supported by strong preclinical evidence, keep the hope that, after more than thirty years from its discovery, we will finally see the first EphA2 targeting agent approved in clinical oncology.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient global public health problem. Several strategies have been applied to develop new and more effective vaccines against TB, from attenuated or inactivated mycobacteria to recombinant subunit or genetic vaccines, including viral vectors. This review aimed to evaluate patents filed between 2010 and 2023 for TB vaccine candidates. It focuses on viral vector-based strategies. A search was carried out in Espacenet, using the descriptors \"mycobacterium and tuberculosis\" and the classification A61K39. Of the 411 patents preliminarily identified, the majority were related to subunit vaccines, with 10 patents based on viral vector platforms selected in this study. Most of the identified patents belong to the United States or China, with a concentration of patent filings between 2013 and 2023. Adenoviruses were the most explored viral vectors, and the most common immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens were present in all the selected patents. The majority of patents were tested in mouse models by intranasal or subcutaneous route of immunization. In the coming years, an increased use of this platform for prophylactic and/or therapeutic approaches for TB and other diseases is expected. Along with this, expanding knowledge about the safety of this technology is essential to advance its use.

Polyphenols are a group of naturally occurring compounds that have intriguing biological activities. Among these compounds is rutin, a polyphenolic flavanol found in many plants, including passion flowers, buckwheat seed, fruits and fruit rinds, and citrus fruits (such as orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime). Various studies have demonstrated rutin to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-apoptotic, anti-osteoporotic, radioprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, and nephroprotective activities. Despite its benefits, rutin\'s therapeutic applicability is severely limited due to its low water solubility, sensitivity to oxidation, and dissolving rate. However, these problems can be overcome by employing an efficient delivery approach. An extensive number of nanocarriers can be developed for medicinal use if pre-clinical as well as human-clinical studies are completed. The current review presents an overview of effective rutin nano-formulations for targeted therapy in various health disorders. This review article discusses the clinical evidence, current status, as well as future opportunities of rutin nanocarriers for increasing rutin\'s bioactivity for possible medicinal uses.

UNASSIGNED: Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), essential and evolutionarily highly conserved enzymes, govern cellular functions by modulating tyrosine phosphorylation, a pivotal post-translational modification for signal transduction. The recent strides in phosphatase drug discovery, leading to the identification of selective modulators for enzymes, restoring interest in the therapeutic targeting of protein phosphatases.
UNASSIGNED: The compilation of patents up to the year 2023 focuses on the efficacy of various classes of Tyrosine phosphatases and their inhibitors, detailing their chemical structure and biochemical characteristics. These findings have broad implications, as they can be applied to treating diverse conditions like cancer, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. The search for scientific articles and patent literature was conducted using well known different platforms to gather information up to 2023.
UNASSIGNED: The latest improvements in protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) research include the discovery of new inhibitors targeting specific PTP enzymes, with a focus on developing allosteric site covalent inhibitors for enhanced efficacy and specificity. These advancements have not only opened up new possibilities for therapeutic interventions in various disease conditions but also hold the potential for innovative treatments. PTPs offer promising avenues for drug discovery efforts and innovative treatments across a spectrum of health conditions.

In recent years, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have aroused widespread interest in hydrogen production via water electrolysis using renewable energy sources. The two current commercial low-temperature water electrolysis technologies used are alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. The AWE technology exhibited the advantages of high stability and increased cost-effectiveness with low hydrogen production efficiency. In contrast, PEM water electrolysis exhibited high hydrogen efficiency with low stability and cost-effectiveness, respectively. Unfortunately, the major challenges that AEMs, as well as the corresponding ion transportation membranes, including alkaline hydrogen separator and proton exchange membranes, still face are hydrogen production efficiency, long-term stability, and cost-effectiveness under working conditions, which exhibited critical issues that need to be addressed as a top priority. This review comprehensively presented research progress on AEMs in recent years, providing a thorough understanding of academic studies and industrial applications. It focused on analyzing the chemical structure of polymers and the performance of AEMs and established the relationship between the structure and efficiency of the membranes. This review aimed to identify approaches for improving AEM ion conductivity and alkaline stability. Additionally, future research directions for the commercialization of anion exchange membranes were discussed based on the analysis and assessment of the current applications of AEMs in patents.

UNASSIGNED: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) plays a crucial role in breaking down the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), thereby influencing the levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Consequently, inhibiting PCSK9 through suitable ligands has been established as a validated therapeutic strategy for combating hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases.
UNASSIGNED: Patent literature claiming novel compounds inhibiting PCSK9 disclosed from 2018 to June 2023 available in the espacenet database, which contains more than 150 million patent documents from over 100 patent-granting authorities worldwide.
UNASSIGNED: The undisputable beneficial influence of PCSK9 as a pharmacological target has prompted numerous private and public institutions to patent chemical frameworks as inhibitors of PCSK9. While several compounds have advanced to clinical trials for treating hypercholesterolemia, they have not completed these trials yet. These compounds must contend in a complex market where new, costly, and advanced drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies and siRNA, are prescribed instead of inexpensive and less potent statins.

The development of prophylactic vaccines is important in preventing and controlling diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in addition to being an economic measure for public health. Despite the efforts to develop a vaccine against human VL caused by Leishmania infantum, none is available, and the focus has shifted to developing vaccines against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Currently, commercially available vaccines are targeted at CVL but are not effective. Different strategies have been applied in developing and improving vaccines, such as using chimeric proteins to expand vaccine coverage. The search for patents can be a way of tracking vaccines that have the potential to be marketed. In this context, the present work presents a summary of immunological aspects relevant to VL vaccine development with a focus on the composition of chimeric protein vaccines for CVL deposited in patent banks as an important approach for biotechnological development. The resulting data could facilitate the screening and selection of antigens to compose vaccine candidates with high performance against VL.

Aim: To examine recent patents related to plants with antimicrobial effects. Methods: Our investigation was carried out using the Espacenet database, searching patents related to International Patent Classification (IPC) codes A61P31/04, and A61K36/00 between 2008 and 2023. Results: The study began with 360 patents, of which 15 were found to be duplicates; 144 were not related to the research topic and six were not available. Then, 48 patents were related to other administration routes. The final selection was 47 patents related to local administration compositions. The potential for these herbal compositions to be marketed as over-the-counter medicines was evident. Conclusion: Developing new plant-origin anti-infective agents could provide promising solutions for combating resistant infections and offer accessible treatment options.
[Box: see text].

OBJECTIVE: The significance of the healthcare industry has grown exponentially in recent years due to the impact of the fourth industrial revolution and the ongoing pandemic. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine domestic healthcare-related patents comprehensively. Big data analysis was used to present the trend and status of patents filed in nursing.
METHODS: The descriptive review was conducted based on Grant and Booth\'s descriptive review framework. Patents related to nursing was searched in the Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service between January 2016 to December 2020. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, phi-coefficient for correlations, and network analysis using the R program (version 4.2.2).
RESULTS: Among 37,824 patents initially searched, 1,574 were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Nursing-related patents did not specify subjects, and many patents (41.4%) were related to treatment in the healthcare delivery phase. Furthermore, most patents (56.1%) were designed to increase effectiveness. The words frequently used in the titles of nursing-related patents were, in order, \"artificial intelligence,\" \"health management,\" and \"medical information,\" and the main terms with high connection centrality were \"artificial intelligence\" and \"therapeutic system.\"
CONCLUSIONS: The industrialization of nursing is the best solution for developing the healthcare industry and national health promotion. Collaborations in education, research, and policy will help the nursing industry become a healthcare industry of the future. This will prime the enhancement of the national economy and public health.

Honokiol (HK) is a traditional Chinese herbal bioactive compound that originates mainly from the Magnolia species, traditionally used to treat anxiety and stroke, as well as alleviation of flu symptoms. This natural product and its derivatives displayed diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial activities. However, its poor bioavailability and pharmacological activity require primary consideration in the development of HK-based drugs. Recent innovative HK formulations based on the nanotechnology approach allowed for improvement in both bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Chemical derivation and drug combination are also effective strategies to ameliorate the drawbacks of HK. In recent years, studies on HK derivatives and compositions have made great progress in the treatment of cancer, inflammation, bacterial infection, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases, demonstrating better activity than HK. The objective of this review is an examination of the recent developments in the field of pharmacological activity of HK and its drug-related issues, and approaches to improve its physicochemical and biological properties, including solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Recent patents and the ongoing clinical trials in HK are also summarized.