Low back pain is a common disease. In 2020, the North American Spine Society (NASS) formulated an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of non-specific low back pain. The guidelines mainly addressed five aspects of non-specific low back pain: diagnosis, imaging examination, conservative treatment, interventional treatment, and surgical treatment. Based on an in-depth understanding of the guidelines, this article gives a brief explanation of the diagnosis and treatment of non-specific low back pain, so as to provide references for clinicians.
下腰痛是一种临床常见疾病。2020 年北美脊柱协会（NASS）制定了非特异性下腰痛的循证医学指南，该指南主要围绕非特异性下腰痛的诊断、影像学检查、保守治疗、介入治疗和外科治疗五个方面进行论述。本文在充分研读指南基础上，对非特异性下腰痛诊治展开论述，以供临床参考。.

BACKGROUND: Analgesic drugs are often prescribed to patients with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). Recommendations for non-invasive pharmacological management of NSLBP from recent clinical practice guidelines were compared with each other and with the best available evidence on drug efficacy. Areas covered: Recommendations concerning opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants from national primary care guidelines published within the last 3 years were included in this review. For each pharmacological treatment, the most recent systematic review was included as the best available evidence on drug efficacy and common adverse effects were summarized. Expert opinion: Although differences exist between guidelines, publications are universally moving away from pharmacotherapy due to the limited efficacy and the risk of adverse effects. NSAIDs have replaced paracetamol as the first choice analgesics for NSLBP in many guidelines. Opioids are generally considered to be a last resort, but opioid prescriptions have been increasing over recent years. Upcoming guideline updates should explicitly shift their focus from pain to function and from pharmacotherapy to non-pharmacological treatments; patient education is important to make sure NSLBP patients accept these changes. To improve the quality of NSLBP care, the evidence-practice gap should be closed through guideline implementation strategies.

For the optimal use of clinical guidelines in daily practice, mere distribution of guidelines and materials is not enough, and active implementation is needed. This review investigated the effectiveness of multifaceted implementation strategies compared to minimal, single, or no implementation strategy for the implementation of non-specific low back and/or neck pain guidelines in health care.
The following electronic databases were searched from inception to June 1, 2015: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. The search strategy was restricted to low back pain, neck pain, and implementation research. Studies were included if their design was a randomized controlled trial, reporting on patients (age ≥18 years) with non-specific low back pain or neck pain (with or without radiating pain). Trials were eligible if they reported patient outcomes, measures of healthcare professional behaviour, and/or outcomes on healthcare level. The primary outcome was professional behaviour. Guidelines that were evaluated in the studies had to be implemented in a healthcare setting. No language restrictions were applied, and studies had to be published full-text in peer-reviewed journals, thus excluding abstract only publications, conference abstracts, and dissertation articles. Two researchers independently screened titles and abstract, extracted data from included studies, and performed risk of bias assessments.
After removal of duplicates, the search resulted in 4750 abstracts to be screened. Of 43 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 12 were included in this review, reporting on 9 individual studies, and separate cost-effectiveness analyses of 3 included studies. Implementation strategies varied between studies. Meta-analyses did not reveal any differences in effect between multifaceted strategies and controls.
This review showed that multifaceted strategies for the implementation of neck and/or back pain guidelines in health care do not significantly improve professional behaviour outcomes. No effects on patient outcomes or cost of care could be found. More research is necessary to determine whether multifaceted implementation strategies are conducted as planned and whether these strategies are effective in changing professional behaviour and thereby clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based practice has become fundamentally important in the field of musculoskeletal physiotherapy, which include clinical practice guidelines, such as those developed by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) for low back pain.
OBJECTIVE: To gauge whether musculoskeletal physiotherapist working in the UK are compliant with the NICE guidelines for back pain, and if they believe them to be practical and relevant to their current practice.
METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional voluntary electronic survey.
METHODS: A survey of musculoskeletal physiotherapists currently working in the UK was conducted through an anonymous online data collection website over a two month data collection period. Data was collected about demographic details of participants, and their views about the NICE guidelines through a specially designed questionnaire, and are presented descriptively.
RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-three therapists participated. Following a thematic content analysis seven key themes were identified about the guidelines: they facilitated evidence-based practice; they were unrealistic and idealistic; they did not facilitate a multimodal approach; they promoted largely a passive approach; they challenged therapist autonomy; they were outdated; they lacked relevance and specificity.
CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal physiotherapists strongly believe in the principles of EBP, and thought the NICE back pain guidelines were relevant to their practice. However the recommendations made within the guidelines were not realistic in day to day practice and they impacted negatively on the practice in a number of ways.