UNASSIGNED: given the lack of information about monoclonal gammopathies, our primary study outcome was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and biochemical profiles of monoclonal gammopathies in the Souss-Massa region, in southern Morocco.
UNASSIGNED: we conducted a retrospective study, by selecting only complete medical records. We used records of patients diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy at the local oncology center during a period of over 10 years.
UNASSIGNED: one hundred and seventeen patients were included in the study, with a high male predominance (65%) and a male/female sex-ratio of 1.85. The average age of our study population was 61.44 (ET 14.54) years. Diagnoses (based on frequency) included: multiple myeloma 82.0% (n=96), solitary plasmacytoma 8.5% (n=10), monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance 2.6% (n=3), lymphoma 2.5% (n=3), secondary plasma cell leukaemia 1.7% (n=2), Waldenström´s disease 1.7%(n=2) and chronic lymphoid leukemia (n=1). The isotype distribution was as follows: IgG Kappa 33.7% (n=28), IgG lambda 21.7% (n=18), IgA Kappa 12.0% (n=10), IgA lambda 7.2% (n=6), IgM kappa 3.6% (n=3), and IgD lambda 2.4% (n=2). Biconal peak was reached in two cases, with a percentage of 2.4%.
UNASSIGNED: diagnostic delay was observed compared to international studies due to the unavailability of electrophoresis in the care structures.

To explore the clinical characteristics and outcomes in Chinese patients with type I cryoglobulinemia (CG), we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data, management, and outcomes of 45 patients diagnosed with type I CG in our hospital from January 2015 to March 2019. In our study, all type I CGs were secondary to hematologic diseases, and monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance was the most common primary disease, accounting for 48.9% (n = 22). Additionally, B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Waldenström\'s macroglobulinemia, and multiple myeloma accounted for 24.4% (n = 11), 20.0% (n = 9), and 6.7% (n = 3), respectively. In patients with type I CG, skin damage was the most common symptom, presenting in 57.8% of the patients, followed by peripheral neuropathy (22.2%) and renal involvement (15.6%). Treatment was initiated in 29 patients (64.4%), and the most common choice was a rituximab-based regimen in 13 patients (44.8%), followed by bortezomib-based regimen in 11 patients (37.9%). Clinical symptoms were significantly improved after treatment, and the clinical remission rate was 86.2%, including 34.5% of complete clinical remission, while the laboratory response rate was 88.9%, including 33.3% of complete response and 55.6% of partial response. The expected 1-year overall survival was 97.8%. In conclusion, for patients with multisystemic involvement, such as skin damage, kidney damage, or peripheral neuropathy, the diagnosis of type I CG should be considered, and the underlying disease needs to be explored. Symptoms and primary diseases should be taken into consideration before choosing initial management.