生物膜在细菌接触并保留在表面上时开始。表面通过与细菌细胞上不同结构的直接物理化学和机械相互作用来协调生物膜的生长,反过来,通过它对细胞间相互作用的影响。单个细胞通过机械或化学手段直接响应表面,启动调节基因表达的“表面感应”途径,例如产生细胞外基质或改变表型。随着细胞分裂和生长,该表面还可以物理地指导进化的集落形态。无论哪种情况,表面的物理化学通过涉及其他因素的机制影响细胞和细胞群落。例如,相对于通过分裂产生新细胞,从溶液到达表面的细胞数量取决于粘附和运输动力学。影响早期菌落密度和组成。分别,粘附细胞所经历的力取决于流体动力学,重力,以及细胞和基质材料的相对刚度和粘弹性,影响机械传感途径。物理化学和表面功能,随着界面力学也影响细胞表面摩擦和控制菌落形态,特别是2D和3D形状。这篇综述的重点是当前对物理化学相互作用机制的理解,源自表面功能,通过与其他界面过程的耦合影响单个细胞和细胞群落行为。
Biofilms initiate when bacteria encounter and are retained on surfaces. The surface orchestrates biofilm growth through direct physico-chemical and mechanical interactions with different structures on bacterial cells and, in turn, through its influence on cell-cell interactions. Individual cells respond directly to a surface through mechanical or chemical means, initiating \"surface sensing\" pathways that regulate gene expression, for instance producing extra cellular matrix or altering phenotypes. The surface can also physically direct the evolving colony morphology as cells divide and grow. In either case, the physico-chemistry of the surface influences cells and cell communities through mechanisms that involve additional factors. For instance the numbers of cells arriving on a surface from solution relative to the generation of new cells by division depends on adhesion and transport kinetics, affecting early colony density and composition. Separately, the forces experienced by adhering cells depend on hydrodynamics, gravity, and the relative stiffnesses and viscoelasticity of the cells and substrate materials, affecting
mechanosensing pathways. Physical chemistry and surface functionality, along with interfacial mechanics also influence cell-surface friction and control colony morphology, in particular 2D and 3D shape. This
review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms in which physico-chemical interactions, deriving from surface functionality, impact individual cells and cell community behavior through their coupling with other interfacial processes.