We reported 5 patients with unilateral or bilateral tubal discontinuity between the ampulla and fimbria, occasionally detected through laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy at the Reproductive Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University from 2017 to 2023. Three cases were observed to have this malformation on the left fallopian tube, 1 case on the right side, and 1 case bilaterally. None of these cases were combined with urological malformations. After surgery, there was 1 instance of postoperative delivery, 1 ongoing pregnancy, and 3 not yet conceived. The congenital ampulla and fimbria interruption of the fallopian tube may be independent of other significant deformities of reproductive or renal tracts. However, it can lead to hydrosalpinx and primary or secondary infertility. Surgical management options, such as salpingostomy, salpingectomy, and tubal ligation, have shown the potential to improve pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of lacosamide (LCM) monotherapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
METHODS: Patients taking LCM monotherapy treated at the university epilepsy clinic were prospectively followed up during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding. Data on seizure frequency, LCM dosage, pregnancy course, delivery and breastfeeding, birth outcome, congenital malformation, and development of newborns was collected.
RESULTS: Four pregnancies in three patients with refractory focal epilepsy treated with LCM monotherapy were reported. One of these pregnancies ended in a miscarriage during the seventh week of gestation. The average daily LCM dose at the time of conception was 300 mg. Treatment with LCM was continued throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding. The dose of LCM was increased in two pregnancies: in one case following a seizure relapse, and in the other case as a preventive measure to avoid an increase in seizure frequency. Seizure frequency remained stable during pregnancy in two cases. All deliveries were carried out via caesarean section, with an average gestational age at birth of 37.6 weeks. The Apgar score was 10 in all newborns, and no congenital malformations were detected. At the age of 12 months, normal developmental milestones were reached. Infants were breastfed without any complications.
CONCLUSIONS: This case series adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting the relative safety of LCM monotherapy throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding.

BACKGROUND: The term congenital diaphragmatic eventration (CDE) refers to an anatomical abnormality of the diaphragm. It is a very rare condition; however, early and prompt diagnosis is of very great importance due to possible life-threatening complications. Most severely affected patients are neonates, usually presented with respiratory distress symptoms. The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing literature and to consolidate data on CDE in neonates as well as to report a case of a neonate with congenital diaphragmatic eventration of the left hemidiaphragm and clinical signs and symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract.
METHODS: An electronic search of the PubMed and Scopus databases was performed regarding studies evaluating the clinical presentation, diagnosis methods, treatments, and outcomes of CDE in the neonatal population.
RESULTS: Data from 93 studies were integrated into our review, reporting 204 CDE cases, and according to them, the male/female ratio was 1/1 with a predominance of right-sided eventration. The diagnosis was primarily established by chest X-ray; surgical intervention was the most frequent treatment. The recurrence rate was 8.3% (9/109 cases).
CONCLUSIONS: Early and accurate diagnosis of CDE and repair of the diaphragm can prevent complications, reduce morbidity, and improve the quality of patient\'s life.

Spinal arteriovenous malformations are rare vascular anomalies within the paediatric age group. These anomalies are associated with devastating consequences and require prompt management to prevent the long-term neurological sequelae. We report a case of a 10-year-old boy with tetraparesis secondary to spinal arterio- venous malformation type III (Juvenile AVM) with rapidly deteriorating neurological signs who had to be managed conservatively due to lack of advanced neurosurgical facilities and interventional radiological services in our facility and sub region.

Polysplenia syndrome mainly described in pediatrics; rarely and incidentally in adulthood. Most patients had their diagnosis done during childhood due to the frequent association to cardiac anomalies that speak for themselves earlier in life. Multiple spleens, cardiac defect and vascular malformation of the inferior vena cava with azygos or hemiazygos continuation are the most frequent observed malformations. Our patient was one this rarest adulthood incidental diagnosis, who presented in the emergency department for nephritic colic, and while imaging for this, multiples spleens and other visceral malformations were diagnosed. Hopefully, cardiac ultrasound hadn\'t showed any cardiac malformation and the patient was discharged aware of this condition. Through this publication we report the possible incidental diagnosis of polysplenia condition and highlight the fact that people with such important malformation can lead a normal life, and only awareness should be given for future surgeries, instrumental treatment or else.

1p36 deletion syndrome is the most common terminal deletion syndrome, manifesting clinically as abnormal facies and developmental delay with frequent cardiac, skeletal, urogenital, and renal abnormalities. Limited autopsy case reports describe the neuropathology of 1p36 deletion syndrome. The most extensive single case report described a spectrum of abnormalities, mostly related to abnormal neuronal migration. We report the largest published series of 1p36 autopsy cases, with an emphasis on neuropathologic findings. Our series consists of 3 patients: 2 infants (5-hours old and 23-days old) and 1 older child (11 years). Our patients showed abnormal cortical gyration together with a spectrum of neuronal migration abnormalities, including heterotopias and hippocampal abnormalities, as well as cerebellar hypoplasia. Our findings thus support the role of neuronal migration defects in the pathogenesis of cognitive defects in 1p36 deletion syndrome and broaden the reported neuropathologic spectrum of this common syndrome.

Cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) is an infrequent vascular malformation. It is composed of a nidus, arterial feeders, and venous drainage. Some special features differentiate it from the common arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The nidus has normal cerebral tissue intermingled and occupies a large portion of the brain. There is a frequent transdural arterial supply. Arterial feeders and draining veins are of small caliber concerning the nidus size. Ischemic strokes are the most common clinical event. Intracranial bleeding when occurs has a worse prognosis due to its high recurrence rate. We have presented two cases of CPA in pediatric patients who required surgical resolution of their acute episode.

Rheumatic mitral stenosis is still a pathological condition that affects young patients and is an important cause of mortality. 2017-European Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease suggest a percutaneous approach with a mitral commissurotomy for the treatment of symptomatic pregnant women. Mitral commissurotomy procedure involves radiation exposure that is incompatible with the pregnancy condition. In our case, we present percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) to a 28-week pregnant woman with a low-radiation dose and the use of transesophageal echocardiography. The woman presented with a mitral transvalvular mean gradient of 21.6 mmHg and with symptoms non-responsive to medical treatment. PMC was driven by a transesophageal echocardiographic probe. This case demonstrates the feasibility and safety of PMC in a pregnant woman with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis.

There are noted birth defects prevalence differences between race/ethnicity groups. For instance, non-Hispanic (NH) Black mothers are more likely to have an infant with encephalocele, although less likely to have an infant with anotia/microtia compared to NH Whites. When stratifying by nativity and years lived within the United States, additional variations become apparent.
Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study were used to calculate descriptive statistics and estimate crude/adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) among NH Blacks with one of 30 major defects and non-malformed controls. Total case/controls were as follows: U.S.- (2,773/1101); Foreign- (343/151); African-born (161/64). Study participants were also examined by number of years lived in the U.S. (≤5 vs. 6+ years).
Compared to U.S.-born, foreign-born NH Black controls tended to be older, had more years of education, and were more likely to have a higher household income. They also had fewer previous livebirths and were less likely to be obese. In the adjusted analyses, two defect groups were significantly attenuated: limb deficiencies, aORs/95%CIs = (0.44 [0.20-0.97]) and septal defects (0.69 [0.48-0.99]). After stratifying by years lived in the United States, the risk for hydrocephaly (2.43 [1.03-5.74]) became apparent among those having lived 6+ years in the United States. When restricting to African-born mothers, none of the findings were statistically significant.
Foreign-born NH Blacks were at a reduced risk for a few selected defects. Results were consistent after restricting to African-born mothers and did not change considerably when stratifying by years lived in the United States.

Nocturnal enuresis (NE) was defined by the World Health Organization (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as bed-wetting in children aged >5 years. In cases of mental retardation, the developmental age may be equivalent to 5 years. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge about the etiology of enuresis and the most recent therapeutical options. Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies are included, although the relative effectiveness of each remains uncertain. To date, motivational, alarm and drug therapies are the mainstay of treatment. Alarm therapy remains the first-line treatment modality for NE, while desmopressin is the most commonly used medical treatment.