While hydrocelectomy is the gold-standard for treating hydroceles, it poses an increased risk to patients and a greater burden to the healthcare system. Sclerotherapy is an alternative treatment for hydroceles that involves injecting a sclerosant into the hydrocele under ultrasound guidance. This literature review aimed to assess the types of sclerosants used and how sclerotherapy compares to hydrocelectomy. A literature search was conducted of MEDLINE and EMBASE using the terms \"sclerotherapy\" and \"hydrocelectomy,\" which yielded 1058 studies, of which 29 met the inclusion criteria. Only studies published after 2000 were included to ensure the most recent information was reviewed. The results showed hydrocele sclerotherapy is done using a variety of sclerosants. The most used agents are polidocanol, phenol, and STS. Of these, phenol had the highest clinical success rate of 96.5%. There was evidence for the use of atypical agents, such as tetracycline antibiotics, which yielded cure rates up to 93%, and alcohol, which was found to be especially useful for treating multiseptated hydroceles. The results comparing sclerotherapy to hydrocelectomy indicated hydrocelectomy to be a more effective method in completely curing hydroceles. However, this came at the cost of more complications. Additionally, sclerotherapy was found to be more advantageous for secondary outcomes, such as healthcare costs and burden to patients. In conclusion, this review shows that while hydrocelectomy is more effective, sclerotherapy is a valuable alternative for treating hydroceles. Due to the lack of standardization among studies, a definitive conclusion cannot be made regarding which sclerosant is best to use.

UNASSIGNED: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedure is generally used to treat stones resistant to other treatment modalities. Colonic perforation even though rare, is a serious complication that increases patient\'s morbidity. This case report describes the case of a patient with retrorenal colon who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy for management of pelvis/lower calyceal staghorn stone.
UNASSIGNED: A 63-year-old female patient presented for the management of a staghorn pelvis-lower calyceal stone. The patient had a preoperative computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis that showed an incidental finding of left retrorenal colon. Under computed tomography scan guidance, a nephrostomy tube was successfully placed by an interventional radiologist, and then she underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
UNASSIGNED: This case report aims to stress on the importance of doing a computed tomography scan whenever a prior abdominal surgery is performed. We strongly believe that gastrointestinal injuries could be avoided by using computed tomography guided access in high risk patients.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effectiveness of the endonasal endoscopic approach in managing a large bilateral frontal mucopyocele causing a mass effect on the brain.
METHODS: A 17 year old chronic sinusitis patient, presented with bilateral nasal obstruction and increasing left sided headache; was found to have a very large bilateral frontal mucopyoceles with extensive intracranial extradural brain involvement on CT scan and MRI of the sinuses and brain which was drained and evacuated completely using the endonasal endoscopic image guided approach with no complications.
CONCLUSIONS: The endonasal endoscopic image guided approach is the approach of choice in managing large frontal mucopyocele with brain extension. It is a safe, accurate, reliable approach with no complications.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the anatomical changes and tumor displacement due to a rapid response of a patient\'s small cell lung cancer (SCLC) during definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT).
BACKGROUND: The treatment for SCLC is based on CRT. If interfractional changes during RT are incorrectly assessed they might compromise adequate coverage of the tumor or increase dose to organs at risk. Image guided RT with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows to identify daily treatment variations.
METHODS: Describe a SCLC case with rapid changes in size, shape and location of the primary tumor during RT.
METHODS: A 62-year-old woman was diagnosed with SCLC with complete obstruction of the anterior and lingular bronchi and incomplete left thorax expansion due to a 12 × 15 cm mass. During CRT (45 Gy in 1.5 Gy per fraction, twice daily) the patient presented rapid tumor response, leading to resolution of bronchi obstruction and hemithorax expansion. Tumor shifted up to 4 cm from its original position. The identification of variations led to two new simulations and planning in a 3-week treatment course.
CONCLUSIONS: The complete radiological response was possible due to systematic monitoring of the tumor during CRT. We recommend frequent on-site image verification. Daily CBCT should be considered with pretreatment tumor obstruction, pleural effusion, atelectasis, large volumes or radiosensitive histology that might resolve early and rapidly and could lead to a miss of the tumor or increased toxicity. Further research should be made in replanning effect in coverage of microscopic disease since it increases uncertainty in this scenario.

Numerous research groups in the past have designed and developed robotic needle guide systems that improve the targeting accuracy and precision by either providing a physical guidance for manual insertion or enabling a complete automated intervention. Here we review systems that have been reported in the last 11 years and limited to straight line needle interventions. Most systems fall under the category of image guided systems as they either use magnetic resonance image, computed tomography, ultrasound or a combination of these modalities for real time image feedback of the intervention path being followed. Actuation and control technology along with materials used for construction are the main aspects that differentiate these systems from each other and have been reviewed here. Image compatibility test details and results are also reviewed as they are used to ensure proper functioning of these systems under the respective imaging environments. We have also reviewed needle guide systems which either don\'t use any image feedback or have not reported any but provide physical guidance. Throughout this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the technological aspects and trends in the field of robotic, straight line, needle guide intervention systems.

We describe a 91-year-old woman with a clinical history of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast diagnosed in 1991 who was admitted because of dizziness, poor appetite, and some swelling and tenderness over her cheeks. The patient\'s initial work up revealed a 5-cm well-demarcated hypodense solid lesion in her spleen with abnormally intense uptake on PET/CT scan raising suspicion for malignancy i.e. breast metastasis versus lymphoma. Further review demonstrated the presence of this splenic lesion, though slightly smaller, on a CT scan from ten years earlier (2000). An ultrasonographic guided core needle splenic biopsy was performed and the pathology result revealed histological findings compatible with inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen. As a result, unnecessary splenectomy was avoided.