Lakes are rapidly losing ice under global warming, but little is known about ice structure changes. Ice structure is a key regulator of ice stability and thus safety, affecting activities on ice. Here, we analysed spatial and temporal variations in ice structure across 21 Swedish lakes, spanning from 55 to 69 °N, and over five decades. We found regional differences in ice structure, with fastest changes occurring in southern Sweden. The stable clear ice layer was particularly sensitive to warming, showing a rapid decline. The number of days when temperatures exceeded the freezing point during the ice cover period was identified as a strong driver for how ice was structured. Since there is a high risk for increased occurrences of unsafe ice conditions under predicted air temperature changes, we recommend re-establishing ice structure monitoring programmes, informing society on the increased risks of being on ice and including ice structure to safety guidelines.

Climate change is a phenomenon that has had, and will continue to have, wide-ranging effects on the world in both the near and distant future. With regards to human health, research has demonstrated the impact of climate change on heat-related illness, mental health, and vector-borne infectious diseases. Through a review of the literature, this paper aims to elucidate both current and future consequences of climate change on cellulitis, a type of skin infection that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Factors such as elevated temperature, pollution, rising sea levels, and the increased frequency of natural disasters pose an alarming risk for the increased proliferation of infections such as cellulitis. Lastly, in light of these trends, this paper will address potential strategies individuals can implement to reduce the effects of climate change on cellulitis.

Given the context of significant global warming and the intensification of extreme climate events in the last century, large-scale reforestation and afforestation have been recognized as effective strategies to mitigate the climate crisis. Since the 1970s, China has launched several afforestation programs aimed at regional ecological protection, playing an important role in reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. This study provided a detailed analysis of the growth suitability of the main planted conifers (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Pinus tabulaeformis) and broadleaves (Populus spp., Robinia pseudoacacia) in the semi-arid northern China. We compared the radial growth trends of plantations and their responses to extreme droughts from 1980 to 2018. Growth of most plantations has significantly increased over time, but broadleaves showed recent growth reductions in the past decade, which may be related to tree age and reduced soil moisture. Nevertheless, under warmer climate scenarios, the growth of plantations is forecasted to continue increasing. Broadleaves showed a better post-drought recovery, probably linked to their anisohydric behavior, than conifers, which presented a better resistance to drought. Growth of conifers depended more on warmer temperature and better precipitation conditions during the growing season, whereas broadleaves mainly reacted to warm temperature. Additionally, pre-drought growth levels weakened resilience components, while post-drought precipitation compensated for drought-induced growth deficit. Growth and resilience were negatively related to tree age, while higher stand density reduced growth. This assessment and projections of growth and drought resilience indicate the sustainability of most plantations in semi-arid regions, but future warmer and drier conditions may lead to an uncertain future regarding forest health and reduce their carbon sink potential.

Effective nitrogen fertilizer management is crucial for reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions while ensuring food security within planetary boundaries. However, climate change might also interact with management practices to alter N2O emission and emission factors (EFs), adding further uncertainties to estimating mitigation potentials. Here, we developed a new hybrid modeling framework that integrates a machine learning model with an ensemble of eight process-based models to project EFs under different climate and nitrogen policy scenarios. Our findings reveal that EFs are dynamically modulated by environmental changes, including climate, soil properties, and nitrogen management practices. Under low-ambition nitrogen regulation policies, EF would increase from 1.18%-1.22% in 2010 to 1.27%-1.34% by 2050, representing a relative increase of 4.4%-11.4% and exceeding the IPCC tier-1 EF of 1%. This trend is particularly pronounced in tropical and subtropical regions with high nitrogen inputs, where EFs could increase by 0.14%-0.35% (relative increase of 11.9%-17%). In contrast, high-ambition policies have the potential to mitigate the increases in EF caused by climate change, possibly leading to slight decreases in EFs. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that global EFs are expected to continue rising due to warming and regional drying-wetting cycles, even in the absence of changes in nitrogen management practices. This asymmetrical influence of nitrogen fertilizers on EFs, driven by climate change, underscores the urgent need for immediate N2O emission reductions and further assessments of mitigation potentials. This hybrid modeling framework offers a computationally efficient approach to projecting future N2O emissions across various climate, soil, and nitrogen management scenarios, facilitating socio-economic assessments and policy-making efforts.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs), increasing in duration and intensity because of climate change, are now a major threat to marine life and can have lasting effects on the structure and function of ecosystems. However, the responses of marine taxa and ecosystems to MHWs can be highly variable, making predicting and interpreting biological outcomes a challenge. Here, we review how biological responses to MHWs, from individuals to ecosystems, are mediated by fine-scale spatial variability in the coastal marine environment (hereafter, local gradients). Viewing observed responses through a lens of ecological theory, we present a simple framework of three \'resilience processes\' (RPs) by which local gradients can influence the responses of marine taxa to MHWs. Local gradients (1) influence the amount of stress directly experienced by individuals, (2) facilitate local adaptation and acclimatization of individuals and populations, and (3) shape community composition which then influences responses to MHWs. We then synthesize known examples of fine-scale gradients that have affected responses of benthic foundation species to MHWs, including kelp forests, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows and link these varying responses to the RPs. We present a series of case studies from various marine ecosystems to illustrate the differential impacts of MHWs mediated by gradients in both temperature and other co-occurring drivers. In many cases, these gradients had large effect sizes with several examples of local gradients causing a 10-fold difference in impacts or more (e.g., survival, coverage). This review highlights the need for high-resolution environmental data to accurately predict and manage the consequences of MHWs in the context of ongoing climate change. While current tools may capture some of these gradients already, we advocate for enhanced monitoring and finer scale integration of local environmental heterogeneity into climate models. This will be essential for developing effective conservation strategies and mitigating future marine biodiversity loss.

By means of a unique, low vibration circular conveyor system, plant sensors capturing light detection and ranging (LiDAR) unit and thermal camera were moved on the same route, around blocks of apple trees, with seven Malus x domestica Borkh. \'Gala\' apple trees in each block. Measurements took place four times during the season. Additionally at harvest, diurnal courses were recorded with 18 readings during three days. The data are provided as [i] raw data (3D point clouds of 3 blocks of trees scanned from right and left sides and thermal images), [ii] processed 3D point clouds of canopies annotated with temperature data from the thermal camera, and [iii] manually segmented 3D point clouds of fruit, representing the spatially-resolved fruit surface temperature (FST). Manual FST readings are provided on each measuring date and during diurnal courses. The fruit data are capturing 1236 FST, providing temperature distribution as 3D point cloud and one manually recorded reference FST per fruit. Additionally, fruit size and colour were measured for each fruit, despite for the first date, when fruit were too small for colour readings. Weather data are provided from a station located in the orchard. Usage of data could be (a) in developing methodology for 3D point cloud processing based on raw data, accomplished with reference FST data. Furthermore, (b) the pre-processed point clouds of fruit surface temperature can be reused in ecophysiological studies related to global warming, optimizing fruit production systems, and other. Because the sensors and trees were measured from the same angle and distance, time series analysis of the canopies would be possible.

Although there are studies in the literature on the effects of different coloured light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on different organisms, there is limited information on how these effects change with temperature increase. In this study, the effects of blue, green, red and white LED lights on the early development process of zebrafish (Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822)) were comprehensively investigated. In addition, to simulate global warming, it was examined how a one-degree temperature increase affects this process. For this purpose, zebrafish embryos, which were placed at 4 hpf (hours post fertilization) in an incubator whose interior was divided into four areas, were kept at three different temperatures (28, 29 and 30 °C) for 120 h. The group kept in a dark environment was chosen as the control. The temperature of the control group was also increased at the same rate as the other groups. The results showed that at the end of the exposure period, temperature and light colour caused an increase in body malformations. Histopathological damage and immunopositive signals of HSP 70 and 8-OHdG biomarkers in larval brains, increase in free oxygen radicals, apoptotic cells and lipid accumulation throughout the body, increase in locomotor activity, decrease in heart rate and blood flow, and significant changes in more than thirty metabolite levels were detected. In addition, it has been determined that many metabolic pathways are affected, especially glutathione, vitamin B6 and pyrimidine metabolism. Moreover, it has been observed that a one-degree temperature increase worsens this negative effect. It was concluded that blue light was the closest light to the control group and was less harmful than other light colours. The study revealed that blue light produced results that were most similar to those seen in the control group.

The small mammalian fauna plays pivotal roles in ecosystem dynamics and as crucial biodiversity indicators. However, recent research has raised concerns about the decline of mammalian species due to climate change. Consequently, significant attention is directed toward studying various big flagship mammalian species for conservation. However, small mammals such as the hog badgers (Mustelidae: Arctonyx) remain understudied regarding the impacts of climate change in Asia. The present study offers a comprehensive analysis of climate change effects on two mainland hog badger species, utilizing ensemble species distribution modeling. Findings reveal concerning outcomes, as only 52% of the IUCN extent is deemed suitable for the Great Hog Badger (Arctonyx collaris) and a mere 17% is ideal for the Northern Hog Badger (Arctonyx albogularis). Notably, projections suggest a potential reduction of over 26% in suitable areas for both species under future climate scenarios, with the most severe decline anticipated in the high-emission scenario of SSP585. These declines translate into evident habitat fragmentation, particularly impacting A. collaris, whose patches shrink substantially, contrasting with the relatively stable patches of A. albogularis. However, despite their differences, niche overlap analysis reveals an intriguing increase in overlap between the two species, indicating potential ecological shifts. The study underscores the importance of integrating climate change and habitat fragmentation considerations into conservation strategies, urging a reassessment of the IUCN status of A. albogularis. The insights gained from this research are crucial for improving protection measures by ensuring adequate legal safeguards and maintaining ecological corridors between viable habitat patches, which are essential for the conservation of hog badgers across mainland Asia. Furthermore, emphasizing the urgency of proactive efforts, particularly in countries with suitable habitats can help safeguard these small mammalian species and their ecosystems from the detrimental impacts of climate change.

Global warming has increased the probability of extreme climate events, with compound extreme events having more severe impacts on socioeconomics and the environment than individual extremes. Utilizing the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), we predicted the spatiotemporal variations of compound extreme precipitation-high temperature events in China under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) across two future periods, and analyzed the changes in exposed populations and identified influencing factors. From the result, we can see that, the CMIP6 effectively reproduces precipitation patterns but exhibits biases. The frequency of compound event rises across SSPs, especially under high radiative forcing, with a stronger long-term upward trend. Furthermore, the economically developed areas, notably China\'s southeastern coast and North China Plain, will be hotspots for frequent and intense compound extreme events, while other regions will see reduced exposure. Finally, in the long-term future (2070-2100), there is a noteworthy shift in population exposure to compound events, emphasizing the increasing influence of population factors over climate factors. This highlights the growing importance of interactions between population and climate in shaping exposure patterns.

The nitrogen (N) cycle is an intricate biogeochemical process that encompasses the conversion of several chemical forms of N. Given its role in food production, the need for N for life on Earth is obvious. However, the release of reactive nitrogen (Nr) species throughout different biogeochemical processes contributes to atmospheric pollution. Several human activities generate many species, including ammonia, nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide, and nitrate. The primary reasons for this change are the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, industrial activities, and the burning of fossil fuels. N2O poses a significant threat to environmental sustainability on our planet, with its global warming potential approximately 298 times greater than that of CO2. It has direct or indirect impacts on the environment, agroecosystem, and human life on earth. Solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind turbines must be used to reduce Nr emissions. In addition, enterprises should install catalytic converters to minimize nitrogen gas emissions. To reduce Nr emissions, strategic interventions like fertilizer balancing are needed. This work will serve as a comprehensive guide for researchers, academics, and policymakers. Additionally, it will also assist social workers in emphasizing the Nr issue to the public in order to raise awareness within worldwide society.