2015年美国人饮食指南(DGA)中的健康地中海式饮食模式(HMEP)建议,每天食用少于2400千卡的成年人每天仅食用两份(或相当于一杯)低脂肪或无脂肪的乳制品,例如牛奶。奶酪,还有酸奶,它不能提供足够的钙,钾,和维生素D,以满足饮食参考摄入量(DRIs)。我们的目标是评估2015年DGA中额外份量的乳制品对1600、2000和2400kcalHMEP营养充足性的影响。
使用与2015DGA相同的食物模式建模程序,我们评估了1600,2000和2400kcalHMEP三种替代模型的营养成分.对于模型1,我们增加了乳制品的份数(77千卡/份)。对于模型2,我们添加了一份乳制品,并删除了一份精制谷物(85千卡/份),对于Model3(仅限2400kcalHMEP),我们添加了一半的乳制品,并删除了一半的精制谷物。然后,我们评估了这些模型的营养充足性,并将其与健康的美国式饮食模式和HMEP进行了比较。
这些模型对HMEP的改变增加了几种营养素的含量,包括钙,维生素D,钾,维生素A,磷,核黄素,维生素B12,锌,镁。例如,模型1增加了钙(295毫克),维生素D(59.3IU),钾(235毫克),维生素A(98微克),和原始HMEP的磷含量(按232毫克计算),模型3将这些营养素的含量增加了一半。模型2使钙含量增加了266毫克,维生素D由58IU,钾含量为202毫克,维生素A由88微克,和磷193毫克。值得注意的是,模型1和模型2将HMEP的维生素D含量增加到DRI的62%(所有卡路里水平的平均值),钾含量增加到DRI的78%(所有卡路里水平的平均值)。从52%到73%,分别,在最初的HMEP中。我们的大多数模型也增加了饱和脂肪(模型1中0.5g和模型2中0.2g)和钠(模型1中202mg和模型2中101mg)的含量。这些营养素的限制量保持在2015年DGA中建议的范围内。
在1600、2000和2400大卡HMEP中添加乳制品,使它们的营养成分更接近DRI,以鼓励几种营养素,包括钙,维生素D,钾。
The Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern (HMEP) in the 2015 Dietary
Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends that adults eating less than 2400 kcal a day consume only two daily servings (or cup-equivalents) of low-fat or fat-free dairy foods like milk, cheese, and yogurt, which does not provide enough calcium, potassium, and vitamin D to meet dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Our objective was to assess the impact of additional servings of dairy foods on the nutrient adequacy of the 1600, 2000, and 2400 kcal HMEP in the 2015 DGA.
Using the same food pattern modeling procedures as the 2015 DGA, we assessed the nutrient composition of three alternative models of the 1600, 2000, and 2400 kcal HMEP. For Model 1, we increased servings of dairy foods (77 kcal/serving). For Model 2, we added one serving of dairy foods and removed one serving of refined grains (85 kcal/serving), and for Model 3 (2400 kcal HMEP only), we added one-half serving of dairy foods and removed one-half serving of refined grains. We then assessed these models for nutrient adequacy and compared them to the Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern and the HMEP.
The changes to the HMEP with these models increased the amounts of several nutrients to encourage, including calcium, vitamin D, potassium, vitamin A, phosphorus, riboflavin, vitamin B12, zinc, and magnesium. For instance, Model 1 increased the calcium (by 295 mg), vitamin D (by 59.3 IU), potassium (by 235 mg), vitamin A (by 98 mcg), and phosphorus (by 232 mg) content of the original HMEP, and Model 3 increased the amounts of these nutrients by half of those amounts. Model 2 increased the calcium content by 266 mg, vitamin D by 58 IU, potassium by 202 mg, vitamin A by 88 mcg, and phosphorus by 193 mg. Notably, Models 1 and 2 increased the vitamin D content of the HMEP to about 62% of the DRI (average across all calorie levels) and the potassium content to 78% of the DRI (average across all calorie levels), from 52% and 73%, respectively, in the original HMEP. Most of our models increased the saturated fat (0.5 g in Model 1 and 0.2 g in Model 2) and sodium (202 mg in Model 1 and 101 mg in Model 2) content as well. The amounts of these nutrients to limit remained within the ranges recommended in the 2015 DGA.
The addition of a dairy food serving to the 1600, 2000, and 2400 kcal HMEP brings their nutrient profiles closer to the DRIs for several nutrients to encourage, including calcium, vitamin D, and potassium.