背景:抗血小板和抗血栓药物管理之前,during,并且在神经介入程序之后具有显著的实践差异。本文件更新并建立在2014年神经介入手术协会(SNIS)指南“神经介入手术中的血小板功能抑制剂和血小板功能检测”的基础上,根据特定病理的治疗和特定合并症的患者提供更新。
方法:我们对自2014年SNIS指南以来已有的研究进行了结构化文献综述。我们对证据的质量进行了评级。建议是通过作者的共识会议达成的,然后由SNIS标准和指南委员会和SNIS董事会提供额外的投入。
结果:抗血小板和抗血栓治疗前的管理,during,血管内神经介入手术后继续发展。商定了以下建议。(1)在血栓形成风险超过个体患者的出血风险后,在神经介入手术或大出血事件后恢复抗凝治疗是合理的(I类,C-EO级)。(2)血小板检测可以指导当地的实践,和使用数字的具体方法显示出明显的局部变异性(IIa类,B级-NR)。(3)对于没有合并症的患者进行脑动脉瘤治疗,除了导管插入术和动脉瘤治疗装置的血栓形成风险之外,药物选择没有其他考虑因素(IIa类,B级-NR)。(4)对于接受神经介入脑动脉瘤治疗的患者,在过去6-12个月内放置了心脏支架,推荐双重抗血小板治疗(DAPT)(I类,B级-NR)。(5)对于接受神经介入脑动脉瘤治疗的患者,其静脉血栓形成超过3个月,停用口服抗凝药物(OAC)或维生素K拮抗剂应考虑与延迟动脉瘤治疗的风险相权衡.对于过去少于3个月的静脉血栓,应考虑神经介入治疗的延迟。如果这是不可能的,见心房颤动建议(IIb类,C-LD级)。(6)对于接受OAC并需要神经介入治疗的房颤患者,TAT(三联抗血小板/抗凝治疗=OAC加DAPT)的持续时间应尽可能短,或避免使用OAC加单联抗血小板治疗(SAPT),这取决于个体的缺血和出血风险特征(IIa类,B级-NR)。(7)对于未破裂的脑动静脉畸形患者,没有迹象表明改变为管理其他疾病而制定的抗血小板或抗凝血剂管理(IIb类,C-LD级)。(8)有症状的颅内动脉粥样硬化性疾病(ICAD)的患者应在神经介入治疗后继续进行DAPT,以进行二级卒中预防(IIa类,B级-NR)。(9)ICAD的神经介入治疗后,DAPT应持续至少3个月。在没有新的中风或短暂性脑缺血发作症状的情况下,可以根据个体患者出血与缺血的风险来考虑恢复SAPT(IIb类,C-LD级)。(10)接受颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)的患者应在手术前和手术后至少3个月接受DAPT(IIa类,B-R级)。(11)在急诊大血管闭塞缺血性卒中治疗期间接受CAS的患者中,无论患者是否接受过溶栓治疗,服用静脉或口服糖蛋白IIb/IIIa或P2Y12抑制剂的负荷剂量可能是合理的,然后维持静脉输注或口服给药,以预防支架血栓形成(IIb类,C-LD)。(12)脑静脉窦血栓形成患者,肝素抗凝是一线治疗;尤其是在尽管接受药物治疗但临床恶化的情况下,可以考虑血管内治疗(IIa类,B-R级)。
结论:尽管由于患者和手术数量较少,证据质量低于冠状动脉介入治疗,神经介入抗血小板和抗血栓治疗有几个相同的主题。需要前瞻性和随机研究来加强支持这些建议的数据。
BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet and antithrombotic medication management before, during, and after neurointerventional procedures has significant practice variation. This document updates and builds upon the 2014 Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS)
Guideline \'Platelet function inhibitor and platelet function testing in neurointerventional procedures\', providing updates based on the treatment of specific pathologies and for patients with specific comorbidities.
METHODS: We performed a structured literature review of studies that have become available since the 2014 SNIS
Guideline. We graded the quality of the evidence. Recommendations were arrived at through a
consensus conference of the authors, then with additional input from the full SNIS Standards and
Guidelines Committee and the SNIS Board of Directors.
RESULTS: The management of antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents before, during, and after endovascular neurointerventional procedures continues to evolve. The following recommendations were agreed on. (1) It is reasonable to resume anticoagulation after a neurointerventional procedure or major bleeding episode as soon as the thrombotic risk exceeds the bleeding risk in an individual patient (Class I, Level C-EO). (2) Platelet testing can be useful to guide local practice, and specific approaches to using the numbers demonstrate marked local variability (Class IIa, Level B-NR). (3) For patients without comorbidities undergoing brain aneurysm treatment, there are no additional considerations for medication choice beyond the thrombotic risks of the catheterization procedure and aneurysm treatment devices (Class IIa, Level B-NR). (4) For patients undergoing neurointerventional brain aneurysm treatment who have had cardiac stents placed within the last 6-12 months, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is recommended (Class I, Level B-NR). (5) For patients being evaluated for neurointeventional brain aneurysm treatment who had venous thrombosis more than 3 months prior, discontinuation of oral anticoagulation (OAC) or vitamin K antagonists should be considered as weighed against the risk of delaying aneurysm treatment. For venous thrombosis less than 3 months in the past, delay of the neurointerventional procedure should be considered. If this is not possible, see atrial fibrillation recommendations (Class IIb, Level C-LD). (6) For patients with atrial fibrillation receiving OAC and in need of a neurointerventional procedure, the duration of TAT (triple antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy=OAC plus DAPT) should be kept as short as possible or avoided in favor of OAC plus single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) based on the individual\'s ischemic and bleeding risk profile (Class IIa, Level B-NR). (7) For patients with unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations there is no indication to change antiplatelet or anticoagulant management instituted for management of another disease (Class IIb, Level C-LD). (8) Patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) should continue DAPT following neurointerventional treatment for secondary stroke prevention (Class IIa, Level B-NR). (9) Following neurointerventional treatment for ICAD, DAPT should be continued for at least 3 months. In the absence of new stroke or transient ischemic attack symptoms, reversion to SAPT can be considered based on an individual patient\'s risk of hemorrhage versus ischemia (Class IIb, Level C-LD). (10) Patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS) should receive DAPT before and for at least 3 months following their procedure (Class IIa, Level B-R). (11) In patients undergoing CAS during emergent large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke treatment, it may be reasonable to administer a loading dose of intravenous or oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa or P2Y12 inhibitor followed by maintenance intravenous infusion or oral dosing to prevent stent thrombosis whether or not the patient has received thrombolytic therapy (Class IIb, C-LD). (12) For patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, anticoagulation with heparin is front-line therapy; endovascular therapy may be considered particularly in cases of clinical deterioration despite medical therapy (Class IIa, Level B-R).
CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of evidence is lower than for coronary interventions due to a lower number of patients and procedures, neurointerventional antiplatelet and antithrombotic management shares several themes. Prospective and randomized studies are needed to strengthen the data supporting these recommendations.