OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the acceptance of cosmetic surgery among the Saudi population and examined its relationship with body dysmorphic disorder and the participants\' demographic characteristics.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2023 and February 2024. A sample of 1368 participants were recruited from hospitals, clinics, and public places such as malls, parks, and universities and were asked to complete a self-administered, pre-validated, and open-access questionnaire about the presence of body dysmorphic disorder using the BDD scale and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery using the ACSS scale, analyzed using IBM Corp. Released 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
RESULTS: More than half of the participants were female, single, and had a higher educational level. Only 3.0% of the participants had previously undergone cosmetic surgery (CS). Rhinoplasty was the most common cosmetic surgery performed by both genders. More than half of the participants indicated that they had concerns about their appearance, which caused them distress, torment, or pain. However, only one-third of the participants demonstrated acceptance toward CS. There was a significant positive correlation between body dysmorphic disorders (BDD) and acceptance of the cosmetic surgery scale (ACSS). Moreover, higher significant acceptance for CS (p-value is <0.001) was observed in females, south region, 32- to 40-year-olds, postgraduate degrees of education, married persons, and those undergoing previous cosmetic surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: Concerns about appearance causing distress were prevalent among participants, yet acceptance of cosmetic surgery was moderate. Individuals with higher levels of BDD symptoms are more inclined to view cosmetic surgery as a viable solution to their perceived concerns about their appearance. Moreover, being female, from the southern region, aged 32 to 40 years, with postgraduate education, married individuals, and having prior cosmetic surgery experience are motives to accept CS. These findings underscore the complex interplay between psychological factors and demographic characteristics in shaping the acceptance of cosmetic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the outcomes, complication rates, and complication types of different labiaplasty techniques.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, a total of 2,594 patients who underwent surgery owing to hypertrophy or asymmetry of the labium minus were retrospectively analyzed. Data were collected by individual interviews with 43 experts from different centers. The patients were between 18 and 50 years of age. During the interview information about the presence and nature of complications, and about concomitant or revision surgeries, were gathered. The surgeons who performed these surgeries were also questioned about their training and surgical experience.
RESULTS: The most frequently observed complication was complete dehiscence, accounting for 29% of all complications. Complete dehiscence was most commonly seen after wedge resection (16 cases). The second most common complication was labium majus hematoma, accounting for 12.5% of all cases. Among the labiaplasty techniques, wedge resection had the highest complication rate at 3% (26 cases out of 753 patients). This was followed by composite labiaplasty at 1.2% (5 cases out of 395 patients), Z-plasty at 0.8% (1 case out of 123 patients), and trimming labiaplasty at 0.5% (7 cases out of 1,323 patients).
CONCLUSIONS: Considering the heterogeneity and low quality of the existing studies on this subject, this study provides valuable information for surgeons practicing in this field. However, further research is clearly warranted as female genital aesthetic procedures are being performed with a steadily increasing trend.

Cosmetic surgery is ever more affordable and accessible, but carries physical and psychological risks. Yet, no study to date has directly examined risk-taking behaviour under controlled conditions, beyond self-report and in relation to cosmetic surgery attitudes. We used the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and advanced computational modelling to measure decision-making behaviour and identify the latent parameters driving behaviour associated with cosmetic surgery attitudes in women with no cosmetic surgery history (N = 265) and a subsample of women with a cosmetic surgery history (N = 24). Risk taking was higher in women with greater acceptance and history of cosmetic surgery. Computational modelling revealed increased risk taking in women with greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery when decisions were made with greater knowledge of loss (risk) and not when the likelihood of loss was unknown (uncertainty). When women with greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery made decisions, they also placed less emphasis on possible losses (reduced loss aversion). Our findings suggest that women seeking cosmetic procedures may be less sensitive to losses and thus make more risky decisions. Greater emphasis should be placed on communicating potential losses rather than just the associated risks to women considering cosmetic procedures.No Level Assigned This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

OBJECTIVE: Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is a common postoperative sequela. Despite the increasing popularity of cosmetic surgeries, there is a notable lack of research on CPSP in this context, with existing studies focusing on breast surgeries only. To address existing gaps in knowledge, the objective of the present study was to investigate the self-reported prevalence of cosmetic surgery and associated CPSP among Norwegian adults.
METHODS: An online questionnaire consisting of three questions inquiring prior cosmetic surgeries, associated CPSP, and whether participants had sought for pain management was constructed and distributed among adults residing in Norway.
RESULTS: Between November 30, 2022 and December 16, 2022, 1,746 participants were recruited. 10% of respondents, 73.3% of which were female, affirmed to have undergone cosmetic surgery. About 1 in 4 of these was aged 18-29 years. The prevalence of CPSP was 12.6%. CPSP was five times more common among male, compared to female respondents. While about two thirds of participants indicating to have experienced CPSP were aged 18-29 years, CPSP was much less common among individuals of other ages.
CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with international trends, there appears to be a young and growing population of cosmetic surgery consumers in Norway. According to our results, about 1 in 8 of these might be affected by CPSP, a condition that is notoriously hard to treat and weighting heavily on public healthcare and social welfare systems. Large-scale longitudinal studies further investigating the topic are thus urgently needed.

UNASSIGNED: Several studies have been published to present normal values of female genitalia in different age and racial groups.
UNASSIGNED: The primary objective of our study was to measure the parameters of the external genitalia in adult Iranian women, record the data using the Labiagram system (the first national Labiagram design in Iran), and establish a preliminary database.
UNASSIGNED: A descriptive study was conducted from March 2022 to December 2022, involving 220 nonpregnant adult women who presented to the gynecology clinic. Women who met the inclusion criteria for the study underwent a comprehensive examination of the external genitalia. The data collected during the examinations were recorded in electronic files and the Labiagram system.
UNASSIGNED: The data showed the diversity of external genital parameters of nonpregnant adult Iranian women.
UNASSIGNED: In this descriptive study, the mean ± SD age of the participants was 51.5 ± 13.44 years, ranging from 15 to 84 years. A total of 192 women (87.3%) had a history of vaginal delivery. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the average measurements of the vulva among the 4 age groups (P < .05). The Pearson correlation coefficient test indicated a statistically weak correlation between body mass index and perineum length (r = 0.174, P = .010). Additionally, a weak correlation was found between body mass index and the width of the labia minora at the left-lower point (r = 0.143, P = .030) and the right-middle point (r = 0.146, P = .031). Furthermore, the results demonstrated that women with a history of vaginal delivery had a significantly longer introitus (49.3 vs 44.3 mm, P = .037), longer labia majora (91.3 vs 87.3 mm, P = .046), and longer labia minora (56.8 vs 50.9 mm, P = .008) when compared with women without prior labor experience.
UNASSIGNED: The data will be used as a basis for future studies.
UNASSIGNED: The use of simple tools for the measuring, data recording, and digital drawing of female external genital anatomy, along with privacy protection, is one of the strengths of this research. The weakness is the small sample size, which is the reason for piloting the Labiagram chart for more extensive studies.
UNASSIGNED: Increasing age and the number of births had no statistically significant effect on the size of external genital parameters among Iranian women. Despite the considerable diversity in these parameters, it has not resulted in a significant demand among Iranian women for female cosmetic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Cosmetic procedures are surgical and non-surgical procedures that improve and reshape body or facial structures to improve someone\'s appearance, self-esteem, and confidence. In recent years, these procedures have gained more popularity, and both the number of procedures performed and the cosmetic procedure market are growing dramatically worldwide. The objective of our research is to carry out a cross-sectional investigation to assess the factors that affect the likelihood of undergoing cosmetic surgery in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia.
METHODS: In this study, a descriptive, cross-sectional methodology was employed. The intended sample includes residents of Makkah, Medina, Jeddah, and Al-taif cities who are 18 years of age or older, representing the general population. Data collection was carried out through an online questionnaire created using Google Forms, which was disseminated electronically via social media platforms. The questionnaire gathered demographic information and questions that evaluate the time spent on social media, likelihood of having cosmetic surgery, cosmetic surgery experience, social media exposure, personal experience, and self-rating of attractiveness.
RESULTS: The study included a total of 507 participants, with 389 (76.7%) being female and 118 (23.3%) being male. In our sample, there was a significant correlation between the likelihood of undergoing cosmetic surgery in women who have a longer exposure to media and lower self-rating of attractiveness. For men, media exposure and previous cosmetic procedures were significantly affecting their likelihood of undergoing cosmetic procedures.
CONCLUSIONS: Females who had a lower self-rating of attractiveness and a longer exposure to social media were more likely to undergo a cosmetic procedure. However, to gain a more comprehensive understanding, further research should be conducted.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to modify the widely used BodyThink program to suit the circumstances of Korean schools and determine its effects on body esteem, body image, appearance stress, depression, and attitudes toward cosmetic surgery.
METHODS: Participants were 184 third-grade students from two middle schools in Korea, who were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. Two of the participants dropped out; hence, data from 182 students were analyzed. The control group received the existing curriculum for 4 sessions, and the experimental group was provided with 4 sessions of the revised BodyThink program. Before and after the intervention, all participants completed questionnaires.
RESULTS: In the BodyThink group, improved body image, decreased depression, and positive improvements in attitudes toward cosmetic plastic surgery were observed after the intervention.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that school health nurses can utilize interventions based on BodyThink program in their curricula to improve the physical and emotional health of adolescents.
BACKGROUND: This study has been retrospectively registered with the Clinical Research information Service (CRIS) in Korea on October 5, 2023 (KCT0008839).

The study was an analysis of patients managed by plastic surgery services at Heatherwood and Wexham Park hospitals during the calendar year 2022 for complications following cosmetic surgeries performed both internationally and within the United Kingdom.
Patients were identified via local databases and encounters and management confirmed with retrospective studies of patient electronic medical records.
23 patients were managed during the year 2022 for complications post cosmetic surgery. 91% (n = 21) of complications were related to breast cosmetic surgery and/or abdominoplasties. 78% (n = 18) of patients presented within the first two months following their procedure. The most common complications identified were wound dehiscence 43% (n = 10), post-operative infection 39% (n = 9) and seromas 30% (n = 7). The most common country selected for surgery by patients was Turkey with 48% (n = 11) of managed patients. 52% (n = 12) of cases were managed conservatively and 48% (n = 11) of cases required invasive procedures including surgery. 87% (n = 20) of patients were discharged with completed treatment.
Cosmetic surgery and tourism are an in-demand phenomenon and appear here to stay. The stringent regulatory and legal processes in place in the UK may not be applicable abroad to the detriment of patient care. Greater effort is needed to increase public awareness to the risks involved in seeking international options and how to self-screen suitable clinics. Ongoing current national auditing may need to be expanded to understand the true impact on NHS units in dealing with the aftermath of these surgical expeditions.

Artificial intelligence (AI), notably Generative Adversarial Networks, has the potential to transform medical and patient education. Leveraging GANs in medical fields, especially cosmetic surgery, provides a plethora of benefits, including upholding patient confidentiality, ensuring broad exposure to diverse patient scenarios, and democratizing medical education. This study investigated the capacity of AI models, DALL-E 2, Midjourney, and Blue Willow, to generate realistic images pertinent to cosmetic surgery. We combined the generative powers of ChatGPT-4 and Google\'s BARD with these GANs to produce images of various noses, faces, and eyelids. Four board-certified plastic surgeons evaluated the generated images, eliminating the need for real patient photographs. Notably, generated images predominantly showcased female faces with lighter skin tones, lacking representation of males, older women, and those with a body mass index above 20. The integration of AI in cosmetic surgery offers enhanced patient education and training but demands careful and ethical incorporation to ensure comprehensive representation and uphold medical standards.

Self-esteem is one of the most important psychological aspect of cosmetic surgery, in our case aesthetic rhinoplasty surgery. Self-esteem can be described as one\'s attitude towards ownself. Our aim is to assess the self-esteem pre-operatively in patients seeking aesthetic rhinoplasty with respect to those seeking functional rhinoplasty and also compare the post-operative improvement in the self-esteem in those patients. This is a Prospective comparative study in a Tertiary care centre. A total of 48 patients who were planned to undergo rhinoplasty over a period of 1 year in a tertiary care centre, A total of 48 patients (24 requiring aesthetic rhinoplasty and the rest functional rhinoplasty),grouped according to their primary objective, were asked to fill up Rosenberg\'s self-esteem scale pre-operatively and 6 months post-operatively. Independent t test was used for data analysis. The mean value of self-esteem in aesthetic rhinoplasty group was significantly lower as compared to functional rhinoplasty and there was also significant improvement of self-esteem score post -operatively in the aesthetic rhinoplasty group. Age,gender, marital status, socio-economic status and educational backgrounds were analyzed and there was no significant differences in these factors on comparison between the two groups. Our study showed that self-esteem is an important parameter in cosmetic surgery as patients opting for aesthetic rhinoplasty had lower self-esteem score pre-operatively and there was significant improvement of these scores post-operatively.