Despite the worldwide popularity of running as a sport for children, relatively little is known about its impact on injury and illness. Available studies have focused on adolescent athletes, but these findings may not be applicable to preadolescent and pubescent athletes. To date, there are no evidence or consensus-based guidelines identifying risk factors for injury and illness in youth runners, and current recommendations regarding suitable running distances for youth runners at different ages are opinion based. The International Committee Consensus Work Group convened to evaluate the current science, identify knowledge gaps, categorise risk factors for injury/illness and provide recommendations regarding training, nutrition and participation for youth runners.

Current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations regarding transition from child safety/booster seat to adult safety belt use indicate that children should be at least 4 feet 9 inches, 8 years old, or 80 pounds. Proper fit in the vehicle seat, assessed with a five-point fit test, should also be met. Although most children reach 4 feet 9 inches around age 8 years, each child and vehicle presents a unique combination; thus a child may not fit appropriately in all vehicle types using only the 4 feet 9 inches requirement.
We enrolled children, aged 7 years to 12 years, into our study. Height, weight, and demographic data were obtained. A Child Passenger Safety Technician then performed the five-point fit test in each of a uniform lineup of five vehicles. Data were collected on fit in the standard vehicle seat and also in a booster seat. We set 90% as the threshold proportion of children who meet all criteria for proper fit to validate current recommendations of a height of 4 feet 9 inches.
Data were collected on 388 children. The percentage of 90% proper fit was met in the compact car and small sport-utility vehicle (SUV). However, only 80 (77%) of 104 students (p < 0.0001) that were 4 feet 9 inches or higher fit properly in the large SUV, only 87 (83%) of 105 students (p = 0.02) fit properly in the pickup truck, and only 91 (89%) of 102 students (p = 0.74) fit properly in the minivan.
Substantial proportions of children meeting current height guidelines for an adult seat belt do not meet safety requirements for fit, especially in larger, commonly used vehicles (large SUVs and trucks). This emphasizes the need for evaluation of fit by a trained personnel and/or development of standard back seat dimensions in all vehicles for maximum safety.
Epidemiologic level 1.

OBJECTIVE: Results of a study comparing the performance of allometric versus consensus guideline-recommended vancomycin dosing in achieving initial trough concentrations within the desired range are reported.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to compare selected outcomes with 2 vancomycin dosing methods: (1) dosing by total body weight, as recommended in current consensus guidelines, and (2) a new empirical vancomycin dosing strategy grounded in allometry (the study of the relationship between body size and physiology). The primary outcome was attainment of an initial vancomycin trough concentration within the target range (10-20 mg/L). Rates of nephrotoxicity associated with the 2 dosing methods were compared.
RESULTS: Allometric dosing resulted in 77% of the evaluated patient sample (n = 81) achieving vancomycin trough concentration targets at the initial measurement, as compared with a target attainment rate of 57% (n = 81) with guideline-recommended dosing (p = 0.0121); the rate of target attainment in obese patients was also improved with allometric dosing (73% versus 46%, p = 0.0327). Nephrotoxicity rates did not differ significantly between the 2 groups, but a lower rate was observed with allometric versus guideline-based dosing (1.2% versus 7.4%, p = 0.0584).
CONCLUSIONS: In hospitalized adults, allometric vancomycin dosing achieved a higher frequency of initial vancomycin trough concentrations within the target range of 10-20 mg/L, compared with dosing as recommended by consensus guidelines. The difference between methods in the percentage of troughs within the target range was most pronounced in obese patients.

This synopsis outlines the Japanese guideline Version 2.0 for the data acquisition protocol of oncology FDG-PET/CT scans that was created by a joint task force of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine Technology, the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine and the Japanese Council of PET Imaging, and was published in Kakuigaku-Gijutsu 2013; 33:377-420 in Japanese. The guideline aims at standardizing the PET image quality among PET centers and different PET camera models by providing criteria for the IEC body phantom image quality as well as for the patient PET image quality based on the noise equivalent count (NEC), NEC density and liver signal-to-noise ratio, so that the appropriate scanning parameters can be determined for each PET camera. This Version 2.0 covers issues that were not focused on in Version 1.0, including the accuracy of the standardized uptake value (SUV), effect of body size together with adjustment of scanning duration, and time-of-flight (TOF) reconstruction technique. Version 2.0 also presents data acquired with new PET camera models that were not tested in Version 1.0. Reference values for physical indicators of phantom image quality have been updated as well.

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies to develop standardized methods of measuring female breasts\' shapes in clinical settings in West Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical variation in breast measurements among a large group of adolescent female subjects, with the goal of providing guideline metrics to surgeons performing reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy on patients desiring a more adolescent shape and nipple position.
METHODS: Standard measurement parameters of both breasts were measured and recorded. Subjects were female students from six selected junior high schools (JHS) at Sogakope, Ghana. Demographic and statistical data were recorded and analyzed with Epi Info™ 2000.
RESULTS: A total of 438 subjects, aged 16-22 years (mean = 17.43 years) were surveyed. The average distance from the suprasternal notch to the left and right breast nipples was 20.97 and 20.31 cm, respectively. The average distance from the left and right nipples to their inframammary crease was 9.36 and 9.21 cm, respectively. The average distance from the midline in the xiphoid area to the left and right nipples was 10.94 and 10.84 cm, respectively. The average asymmetrical difference in length along the vertical midline between left and right breasts for 53.4% (234) of the total subjects (438) was 1.32 cm; no differences were recorded for the remaining 204 subjects.
CONCLUSIONS: The \"normal values\" for adolescent youthful breasts differ slightly from previous reports on desired adult breast outcomes. It is hoped that these values would serve as a baseline in aesthetic breast surgeries, especially in reduction mammaplasty in young females.

BACKGROUND: The UK Department of Health for England and Wales has issued guidance to all local Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), who have responsibility for school nursing services, for the annual weighing and measuring of all children on entry to primary school and in Year 6 (age 5 and 11 years respectively), known as the National Child Measurement Programme. The guidance places the responsibility for implementation and funding of this scheme onto the PCTs.
METHODS: This paper describes the conduct and evaluation of the 2006 monitoring exercise in a 10% sample of Leeds primary schools.
RESULTS: The evaluation showed that the exercise can be carried out with little disruption in schools and minimal distress for children.
CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations include: adequate staff training in measuring children, along with anticipation of the issues and problems they may encounter and best practice for dealing with them. A good working relationship must be established between the team and school before the measuring day. Schools need to ensure the availability of suitable accommodation and a screen to maintain privacy. Lightweight but robust and accurate scales conforming to the European Union standard should be used and routinely checked for accuracy. Where possible, children should not be lined up, but seen individually. This is considered essential for the older Year 6 children.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components and the prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications in 130 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Out of the 130 patients, 58.5% satisfied the criteria of the MetS as defined by the IDF guideline. The results of logistic regression analysis with adjustment for three variables (age, gender and duration of diabetes) revealed that the presence of MetS as defined by the IDF guideline was not independently related to the presence of proliferative retinopathy, proteinuria, neuropathy, or macrovascular disease in the diabetic patients. The waist circumference per se was not associated with diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, or macrovascular diseases. These results suggest that neither the presence of MetS, as defined by the IDF guideline, nor the waist circumference was associated with the presence of either microvascular or macrovascular complications in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.

暂无摘要。

暂无摘要。

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between a diet consistent with the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), as assessed by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI), and measures of insulin resistance in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort.
METHODS: We examined cross-sectional associations between DGAI score and degree of insulin resistance as measured by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting insulin in 3,082 participants in the Framingham Offspring Cohort fifth examination (January 1991-June 1995).
RESULTS: Participants in the highest quintile category of the DGAI score had significantly lower HOMA-IR than those in the lowest quintile category after adjusting for age, sex, and waist circumference (6.4 compared with 6.7, P = 0.04). We observed a significant interaction between DGAI score and sex, and upon stratification, the association appeared to be largely confined to women (5.9 compared with 6.6, P < 0.001). No association was apparent in men (7.2 compared with 7.1, P = 0.30). Similar associations were evident between the DGAI score and fasting insulin.
CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of a diet consistent with the 2005 DGA may be an effective means to limit insulin resistance in women.