Phage libraries are now amongst the most prominent approaches for the identification of high-affinity antibodies/peptides from billions of displayed phages in a specific library through the biopanning process. Due to its ability to discover potential therapeutic candidates that bind specifically to targets, phage display has gained considerable attention in targeted therapy. Using this approach, peptides with high-affinity and specificity can be identified for potential therapeutic or diagnostic use. Furthermore, phage libraries can be used to rapidly screen and identify novel antibodies to develop immunotherapeutics. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several phage display-derived peptides and antibodies for the treatment of different diseases. In the current review, we provided a comprehensive insight into the role of phage display-derived peptides and antibodies in the treatment of different diseases including cancers, infectious diseases and neurological disorders. We also explored the applications of phage display in targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and CAR T-cell.

Antiviral agents with activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have played a critical role in disease management; however, little is known regarding the efficacy of these medications in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunocompromised patients, particularly in the management of persistent SARS-CoV-2 positivity. This narrative review discusses the management of persistent coronavirus disease 2019 in immunocompromised hosts, with a focus on antiviral therapies. We identified 84 cases from the literature describing a variety of approaches, including prolonged antiviral therapy (n = 11), combination antivirals (n = 13), and mixed therapy with antiviral and antibody treatments (n = 60). A high proportion had an underlying haematologic malignancy (n = 67, 80%), and were in receipt of anti-CD20 agents (n = 51, 60%). Success was reported in 70 cases (83%) which varied according to the therapy type. Combination therapies with antivirals may be an effective approach for individuals with persistent SARS-CoV-2 positivity, particularly those that incorporate treatments aimed at increasing neutralizing antibody levels. Any novel approaches taken to this difficult management dilemma should be mindful of the emergence of antiviral resistance.

Clinical syndromes associated with antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are now recognized as a distinct neurological disease entity, and are gaining increasing attention. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying MOG-antibody disease (MOGAD) remain incompletely understood. Case series, facilitated by registries, and observational studies over the past few years have shed increasing light on the clinical aspects and therapeutic approaches of MOGAD. MOGAD may manifest with a variety of clinical syndromes, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), autoimmune encephalitis, optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM). MOGAD can be either monophasic or relapsing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive updated description of the clinical spectrum, paraclinical features, and prognosis of MOG-antibody disease, as well as summarize its therapeutic considerations. Randomized clinical trials, standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines are the steps forward.

UNASSIGNED: SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies exist in human milk expressed by lactating parents after vaccination. In the existing research, the effects of vaccine types on human milk are inconsistent.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing observational studies to compare the positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human milk according to mRNA and adenovector-based vaccination.
UNASSIGNED: PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier Science Direct and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for relevant articles published from December 30, 2019 to February 15, 2023. Observational studies were considered eligible provided they reported data on SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human milk. The risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tool, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) were used to assess risk of bias. Seven studies, including 511 lactating participants, were included in this review and meta-analysis.
UNASSIGNED: The positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 IgA is higher in mRNA vaccine groups than in adenovector-based vaccine groups (OR = 4.80, 95% CI [3.04, 7.58], p < 0.001). The positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 IgG was higher in mRNA vaccines than in adenovector-based vaccines.
UNASSIGNED: Compared to adenovector-based vaccines, mRNA vaccines present a higher positivity rate of IgA and IgG in human milk after vaccination. In other words, mRNA vaccinations may offer breastfed children a higher level of protection than adenovector-based vaccinations. Further high-quality data is still required to substantiate these findings.

Monoclonal antibody biologics have significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape within the biopharmaceutical industry, partly due to the utilisation of discovery technologies such as the hybridoma method and phage display. While these established platforms have streamlined the development process to date, their reliance on cell transformation for antibody identification faces limitations related to library diversification and the constraints of host cell physiology. Cell-free systems like ribosome display offer a complementary approach, enabling antibody selection in a completely in vitro setting while harnessing enriched cellular molecular machinery. This review aims to provide an overview of the fundamental principles underlying the ribosome display method and its potential for advancing antibody discovery and development.

UNASSIGNED: Rubella and measles are two highly contagious viral childhood diseases. However, the high possibility of brutal effects of both microorganisms during pregnancy has kept them emerging as a major public health issue. The current study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of rubella and measles among 15-25-year-old females in southwest Iran.
UNASSIGNED: This descriptive study was performed in Jahrom, southern west Iran during 2012. Serum samples from female individuals with an age of 15-25 years visiting main laboratories in our study location were collected and evaluated by a commercial ELISA kit for anti-rubella and measles IgG antibodies.
UNASSIGNED: Among the 179 participants, regarding anti-rubella antibodies, 171 (95.0%) were positive, 3 (1.7%) were negative, and 6 (3.3%) were borderline. Regarding anti-measles antibodies, 166 (92.2%) of the subjects were positive, 1 (5.6%) was negative, and 13 (17.2%) were borderline. By assuming a positive value for the borderline cases, the ultimate findings demonstrated that 98.3% and 99.4% of the participants were immune against rubella and measles, respectively. There was no statistically significant association between measles and rubella immunity with age or the use of immunosuppressor medication.
UNASSIGNED: Implementation of vaccine program has obtained significant immunity level in inhabitants, particularly women of childbearing age who play a more important role in herd immunity. Therefore, maintaining the national immune screening against rubella and measles is needed to take into consideration to maintain the current satisfactory level of immunization.

BACKGROUND: Dabrafenib and trametinib represent targeted therapy options under investigation for treatment of gliomas harboring BRAF V600 mutations. We systematically reviewed the literature and conducted meta-analyses to assess the efficacy and safety of these agents.
METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched from inception to September 2023 for studies examining dabrafenib and/or trametinib for gliomas. Outcomes included response rates (ORR, CR, PR), progression rates (PD), 6- and 12-month PFS, adverse events, and dosing modifications. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effect models.
RESULTS: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis demonstrated overall response rates (ORR) of 50% (95% confidence interval (CI): 35-65%) for low-grade gliomas (LGG) and 40% (95% CI: 29-51%) for high-grade gliomas (HGG). Pooled ORR was 45% (95% CI: 36-54%) for both glioma grades. The complete response rate was 13% (95% CI: 05-27%) for HGG and 5% (95% CI: 1-10%) for both LGG and HGG. Six-month progression-free survival (PFS) rates reached 87% in LGG and 67% in HGG and a pooled 6-month PFS 78% (95% CI: 58-98%), declining at 12 months to 67% and 44%, respectively, with a pooled 12-month PFS 56% (95% CI: 34-79%). Grade 1-4 adverse events occurred in 100% of LGG and 63% of HGG patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Dabrafenib and trametinib demonstrate promising anti-tumor efficacy in gliomas, particularly low-grade tumors, achieving durable disease stabilization in many patients. However, toxicity significantly limited tolerability. Additional research should further examine efficacy and refine safe administration protocols across glioma subtypes.

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V) is an important respiratory pathogen in cattle, contributing to syndromes in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Despite its significance, the understanding of its prevalence remains fragmented, especially within the larger framework of BRDC. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of BPI3V in cattle using varied detection methods and to highlight associated risk factors. Of 2187 initially retrieved articles, 71 were selected for analysis, covering 32 countries. Depending on the detection method employed, the meta-analysis revealed significant variations in BPI3V prevalence. In the general cattle population, the highest prevalence was observed using the antibody detection method, with a proportion of 0.64. In contrast, in cattle with BRDC, a prevalence of 0.75 was observed. For the antigen detection method, a prevalence of 0.15 was observed, exclusively in cattle with BRDC. In nucleic acid detection, a prevalence of 0.05 or 0.10 was observed in the general and BRDC cattle populations, respectively. In virus isolation methods, a prevalence of 0.05 or 0.04 was observed in the general and BRDC cattle populations, respectively. These findings highlight the differences in the detection ability of different methods in identifying BPI3V. Other factors, such as country, study year, coinfections, farm size, the presence of respiratory signs, sex, and body weight, may also affect the prevalence. Most studies were anchored within broader BRDC investigations or aimed at detecting other diseases, indicating a potential under-representation of focused BPI3V research. BPI3V plays an important role in BRDC, with its prevalence varying significantly based on the detection methodology. To further understand its unique role within BRDC and pave the way for targeted interventions, there is an evident need for independent, dedicated research on BPI3V.

Quinoxalines are a class of veterinary drugs with antibacterial and growth-promoting functions. They are often widely used to treat and prevent animal diseases and are illegally used as animal growth promoters to increase economic benefits. Quinoxalines could be easily metabolized in animals to various residue markers and remain in animal-derived foods, which would pose a serious threat to human health. Consequently, it is necessary to detect the residues of quinoxalines and their metabolites. This article reviewed and evaluated immunoassays for quinoxalines and their metabolites in animal-derived foods, mainly including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, fluorescence immunosorbent assays, immunochromatography, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors. In addition, we deeply explored the design of haptens for quinoxalines and their metabolites and analyzed the effect of haptens on antibody performance. This paper aims to provide guidance and references for their accurate and sensitive detection, thereby ensuring food safety and human public health.

Increased understanding of how the immune system regulates tumor growth has innovated the use of immunotherapeutics to treat various cancers. The impact of such therapies, including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, on the production of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) and their impact on outcomes, is poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the clinical trial evidence on ADA incidence associated with PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors in the treatment of cancer and to assess associations between treatment administered, ADA incidence, and treatment outcomes.
Embase®, Medline®, and EBM Reviews were searched via the OVID® platform on February 15, 2022. Conference proceedings, clinical trial registries, and global regulatory and reimbursement body websites were also searched. Eligible publications included clinical trials enrolling patients receiving cancer treatment with either PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 reporting outcomes including incidence or prevalence of ADAs and the impact of immunogenicity on treatment safety and efficacy. Reference lists of eligible publications were also searched. The review was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and evidence quality assessment was conducted using the appropriate Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool.
After screening 4160 records and reviewing 97 full publications, a total of 34 publications reporting on 68 trials were included. A further 41 relevant clinical trials were identified on ClinicalTrials.gov and a further 32 from searches of packaging inserts. In total, 141 relevant trials covering 15 different checkpoint inhibitors and 16 different tumor types were included. Across the included trials, atezolizumab was associated with the highest incidence of ADAs (29.6% of 639 patients), followed by nivolumab (11.2% of 2,085 patients). Combination checkpoint inhibitor treatment appeared to increase the rate of ADAs versus monotherapy. Only 17 trials reported on the impact of ADAs on treatment outcomes with mixed results for the impact of ADAs on treatment efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics.
Checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer are immunogenic, with the incidence of treatment-emergent ADAs varying between individual therapies. It remains unclear what impact ADAs have on treatment outcomes.