Amphotericin B (AmB) is a broad-spectrum and potent polyene antifungal drug for the treatment of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs). Currently, amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB-D) and three AmB lipid formulations, namely liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB), amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD), and amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) are available for clinical use. In view of clinical concerns and misperceptions in the selection of different formulations of AmB, the present consensus summarized their pharmaceutical characteristics, antifungal mechanism, pharmacokinetics/phamacodynamics, drug interactions, indications, dosage, local administration, and adverse reactions based on the latest clinical research evidence, guidelines, and clinical experience. This consensus also recommends formulation selection and dosage adjustment for the treatment of target IFDs and in special populations, thereby providing expert consensus for clinical decision-making and standardized application of AmB.
两性霉素B（AmB）是临床治疗侵袭性真菌病（IFD）广谱强效的多烯类抗真菌药物。目前已有两性霉素B脱氧胆酸盐（AmB-D）及3种AmB脂质剂型，包括两性霉素B脂质体（L-AmB）、两性霉素B胶状分散体（ABCD）和两性霉素B脂质复合物（ABLC）可供临床使用。根据临床在选择AmB不同剂型方面关注与困惑的问题，本共识结合国内外最新临床研究证据、指南、共识以及临床经验，针对AmB 4种不同剂型的药剂学特点、抗真菌作用机制、药代动力学/药效学、药物相互作用、适应证、用法用量、局部用药、不良反应防治等特点，明确AmB在IFD目标治疗的剂型与剂量选择，并对特殊人群的用法用量加以规范，为该类药物的临床决策与合理应用提供指导意见。.

The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are high in critically ill patients. Although COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAPM) is relatively rare, its severity and often a delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis lead to its high mortality. The diagnosis and treatment of CAPA and CAPM in critically ill patients are challenging. Early diagnosis and a standardized therapy are the two most important factors for a good outcome. Therefore, a working group of experts from Chinese Thoracic Society and Chinese Association of Chest Physicians Critical Care Group was organized to develop this consensus based on the current medical evidence and clinical practice, in order to improve the ability of clinical treatment for critically ill patients with CAPA and CAPM. The working group drafted a preliminary text based on the literature and clinical practice experience. Following two rounds of discussion, 16 final recommendations were made, with the recommendation strength divided into recommend, suggest and not recommend.-Utilization of chest images and bronchoscopy1. Chest CT, rather than chest X-ray, is recommended for possible CAPA or CAPM patients to provide diagnostic evidence and localization for bronchoscopy to obtain microbiological specimens. A diagnosis of CAPA could not be made on the basis of positive signs on chest CT alone. Chest contrast CT or pulmonary artery CT (CTPA) is recommended in patients with probable CAPM.2. In the case of possible CAPA or CAPM, it is recommended that bronchoscopy and BALF collection for microbiological examinations be pereformed as soon as possible.-The selection strategies of microbiological examinations3. Microscopic examination, culture, GM testing and PCR for aspergillus Spp. of BALF are recommended in patients with probable CAPA. Fungal staining and culture of BALF are suggested for possible CAPM. Selected appropriate specimens for molecular biological detection are suggested in critically ill patients and possible CAPM.-Diagnostic critieria4. The revised ECMM/ISHAM consensus statement is recommended as the diagnostic criteria for CAPA and the Delphi consensus statement is recommended as the diagnostic criteria for CAPM.-Appropriate time for antifungal therapy5. Prophylactic therapy of CAPA with amphotericin B or its liposomes is suggested for patients with severe COVID-19, especially those with risk factors for CAPA.6. It is recommended to start the empirical anti-Aspergillus therapy as soon as possible for possible CAPA, and obtain the microbiological evidence for aspergillosis at the same time.7. Prophylactic therapy for CAPM is not recommended for severe COVID-19 patients.8. Early initiation of empirical therapy for possible CAPM is recommended, and microbiological evidence should be obtained at the same time.-Clinical applications for antifungal agents9.Voriconazole or isavuconazole are recommended as initial treatment for CAPA. Amphotericin B liposomes are suggested as the initial treatment for CAPM. Isavuconazole or posaconazole may be an option in patients with renal insufficiency or amphotericin B liposome intolerance/unavailability.10. In CAPA patients with tracheobronchitis, antifungal drug inhalation is recommended in addition to systemic antifungal medication.11. Combination therapy is not recommended as initial therapy for CAPA, but may be used as a salvage therapy strategy. Triazole or amphotericin B in combination with caspofungin or micafungin is recommended; whereas amphotericin B in combination with triazole is not recommended. For CAPM patients with extensive lesions, rapid progression or poor general condition, a combination of amphotericin B liposome with isavuconazole or posaconazole is suggested.-Response assessment and treatment duration12. It is recommended that treatment response be assessed comprehensively according to the clinical symptoms/signs, imaging and microbiological examination of patients. CAPA can be evaluated in combination with the dynamic change in serum GM.13. The recommended treatment duration of CAPA is at least 6-12 weeks. A total course of at least 3-6 months is suggested for CAPM, and the sequential treatment should be considered according to the response to 4-6 weeks of intravenous therapy.-How to adjust the anti-inflammatory therapy14. In patients with severe COVID-19 combined with possible or probable filamentous fungal infection, it is suggested that of anti-inflammatory therapy be stopped or reduced appropriately, taking into account of the severity of the infection and inflammation of the disease course. The combination of baritinib and/or tozzizumab based on glucocorticoids is not suggested in these patients.-How to treat the underlying diseases15. In patients with diabetes, strict glycaemic control is suggested. In patients with long-term use of glucocorticoids and/or immunosuppressants, it is suggested to reduce the intensity of immunosuppression. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is suggested to use to improve the circulating granulocyte levels in patients with granulocyte deficiency due to various causes.-When an operation should be considered16. In patients with CAPA, surgery is not recommended unless large blood vessels, pericardium, or chest wall are involved, or the patient has recurrent or massive hemoptysis. For CAPM patients, early surgical removal of lesions after diagnosis is recommended. Surgery is a high-risk procedure in patients with severe COVID-19, and a multidisciplinary team discuss is suggested.
重症COVID-19相关肺曲霉病（CAPA）的发病率及病死率均较高。而新型冠状病毒感染相关肺毛霉病（CAPM）虽然相对少见，但疾病本身的严重性加之误诊及诊断延误也导致其病死率居高不下。目前，重症CAPA及CAPM的诊断及治疗均面临巨大挑战。如何早期诊断并规范治疗是救治成功的关键。因此，中国医师协会呼吸医师分会危重症学组与中华医学会呼吸病学分会危重症学组发起并组织相关领域专家，基于目前的循证医学证据及临床实践经验，撰写本共识，以期提高重症CAPA及CAPM患者的临床救治。工作组结合文献及临床实践经验，形成共识的初步文本。经两次讨论会，最终确定16条核心推荐意见并给出推荐强度，分为推荐、建议及不推荐。.

Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal drug with the broadest spectrum and the most robust antifungal activity in clinical practice. Although there are many kinds of lipid formulations which significantly reduce the toxicity and side effects of amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd), AmBd will still play an important clinical role in China for a long time since lipid formulations are substantially more expensive. To standardize the clinical application of AmBd, well-known experts in this field were invited to reach a consensus on the antifungal properties, pharmacokinetic characteristics, dosage regimen, clinical application, prevention and treatment of adverse reactions of AmBd.
两性霉素B（AmB）是目前临床上抗真菌谱最广，活性最强的抗真菌药物，尽管有多种脂质制剂上市，极大地降低了两性霉素B脱氧胆酸盐（AmBd）的不良反应，但价格昂贵。因此，在我国AmBd在未来很长的一段时间内仍有重要的临床地位。为了提高AmBd临床疗效，降低毒副反应，编写组邀请国内该领域知名专家就AmBd的抗菌特性、药动学特点、给药方案、临床应用、不良反应防治等方面达成了共识，规范AmBd的临床应用。.

The Taiwan Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Task Force conducted a review of data and developed a consensus regarding nephrotoxins and AKI. This consensus covers: (1) contrast-associated AKI; (2) drug-induced nephrotoxicity; (3) prevention of drug-associated AKI; (4) follow up after AKI; (5) re-initiation of medication after AKI. Strategies for the avoidance of contrast media related AKI, including peri-procedural hydration, sodium bicarbonate solutions, oral N-acetylcysteine, and iso-osmolar/low-osmolar non-ionic iodinated contrast media have been recommended, given the respective evidence levels. Regarding anticoagulants, both warfarin and new oral anticoagulants have potential nephrotoxicity, and dosage should be reduced if renal pathology exam proves renal injury. Recommended strategies to prevent drug related AKI have included assessment of 5R/(6R) reactions - risk, recognition, response, renal support, rehabilitation and (research), use of AKI alert system and computerized decision support. In terms of antibiotics-associated AKI, avoiding concomitant administration of vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam, monitoring vancomycin trough level, switching from vancomycin to teicoplanin in high-risk patients, and replacing conventional amphotericin B with lipid-based amphotericin B have been shown to reduce drug related AKI. With respect to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated AKI, it is recommended to use these drugs cautiously in the elderly and in patients receiving renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors/diuretics triple combinations.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes direct damage to the airway epithelium, enabling aspergillus invasion. Reports of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis have raised concerns about it worsening the disease course of COVID-19 and increasing mortality. Additionally, the first cases of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis caused by azole-resistant aspergillus have been reported. This article constitutes a consensus statement on defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, prepared by experts and endorsed by medical mycology societies. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis is proposed to be defined as possible, probable, or proven on the basis of sample validity and thus diagnostic certainty. Recommended first-line therapy is either voriconazole or isavuconazole. If azole resistance is a concern, then liposomal amphotericin B is the drug of choice. Our aim is to provide definitions for clinical research and up-to-date recommendations for clinical management of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.

暂无摘要。

In 2018, WHO issued guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of HIV-related cryptococcal disease. Two strategies are recommended to reduce the high mortality associated with HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs): optimised combination therapies for confirmed meningitis cases and cryptococcal antigen screening programmes for ambulatory people living with HIV who access care. WHO\'s preferred therapy for the treatment of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis in LMICs is 1 week of amphotericin B plus flucytosine, and the alternative therapy is 2 weeks of fluconazole plus flucytosine. In the ACTA trial, 1-week (short course) amphotericin B plus flucytosine resulted in a 10-week mortality of 24% (95% CI -16 to 32) and 2 weeks of fluconazole and flucytosine resulted in a 10-week mortality of 35% (95% CI -29 to 41). However, with widely used fluconazole monotherapy, mortality because of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis is approximately 70% in many African LMIC settings. Therefore, the potential to transform the management of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis in resource-limited settings is substantial. Sustainable access to essential medicines, including flucytosine and amphotericin B, in LMICs is paramount and the focus of this Personal View.

暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-born parasitic disease characterized by various skin lesions that cause disfiguration if healed spontaneously. Although CL has been endemic for many years in the southern regions of Turkey, an increasing incidence in nonendemic regions is being observed due to returning travelers and, more recently, due to Syrian refugees. Thus far, a limited number of national guidelines have been proposed, but no common Turkish consensus has emerged.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for the management of CL in Turkey.
METHODS: This guideline is a consensus text prepared by 18 experienced CL specialists who have been working for many years in areas where the disease is endemic. The Delphi method was used to determine expert group consensus. Initially, a comprehensive list of items about CL was identified, and consensus was built from feedback provided by expert participants from the preceding rounds.
RESULTS: Evidence-based and expert-based recommendations through diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms according to local availability and conditions are outlined.
CONCLUSIONS: Because CL can mimic many other skin diseases, early diagnosis and early treatment are very important to prevent complications and spread of the disease. The fastest and easiest diagnostic method is the leishmanial smear. The most common treatment is the use of local or systemic pentavalent antimony compounds.

BACKGROUND: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rare, rapidly progressive and potentially lethal disease almost exclusively affecting immunocompromised hosts or patients with metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
METHODS: This work is aimed to describe five cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis to review and possibly define diagnostic and surgical treatment guidelines. In all the patients, surgical debridement, systemic and local antifungal therapy, and oral rehabilitation using filling prostheses were performed.
RESULTS: None of the patients revealed recurrence of the infection, as confirmed by radiological and clinical long term follow up.
CONCLUSIONS: Given the lethal nature of the disease, the authors underline the importance of early diagnosis and of a multidisciplinary approach in order to undertake correct surgical and medical treatments, while keeping the underlying disease under control.