BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine malignancy with a high recurrence rate. Approximately half of the patients are asymptomatic, while others experience symptoms due to the tumor\'s size or hormone secretion. Ro resection if possible is the best option for treatment of primary as well as locoregional recurrent ACC.
METHODS: A 20-year-old female who previously underwent open left adrenalectomy for Stage III ACC presented with complaints of heaviness and vague discomfort in the left upper abdomen. Current hormonal assays were normal. Imaging revealed a lesion in the spleen suggestive of recurrence. She underwent elective surgery involving en bloc resection of the spleen, diaphragm, and associated structures. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, histopathology confirmed recurrence and subsequent PET-CT showed no recurrence. She is currently on mitotane and remains symptom-free with no signs of recurrence after initial surgery.
UNASSIGNED: Complete resection (Ro) if possible, for recurrent and metastatic disease has been linked to long-term survival and offers significant palliative benefits, particularly in cases involving symptomatic steroid production.
CONCLUSIONS: ACC has a high frequency of local recurrence therefore management of recurrence should be considered from the initial diagnosis. Ro resection of recurrence is the best potential treatment. Follow-up protocols and improving integration between surgical, oncological, and supportive care departments are crucial for overcoming healthcare challenges in Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare and an aggressive tumour. Mitotane is the mainstay adjuvant drug in treating ACC. The study aimed to describe patients diagnosed with precocious puberty (PP) and other endocrinological complications during mitotane therapy.
METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 4 patients with ACC treated with mitotane therapy complicated by PP. We analysed clinical manifestations, radiological, histopathological findings, and hormonal results.
RESULTS: The median age at the diagnosis of ACC was 1.5 years. All patients were treated with surgery and mitotane, accompanied by chemotherapy regimens in 2 cases. The median time from surgery to the initiation of mitotane therapy was 26 days. During mitotane treatment, PP was confirmed based on symptoms, and hormonal and imaging tests. In one patient, incomplete peripheral PP was followed by central PP. The median time from the therapy initiation to the first manifestations of PP was 4 months. Additionally, due to mitotane-induced adrenal insufficiency, patients required a supraphysiological dose of hydrocortisone (HC), and in one patient, mineralocorticoid (MC) replacement with fludrocortisone was necessary. In 2 patients, hypothyroidism was diagnosed. All patients presented neurological symptoms of varying expression, which were more severe in younger children.
CONCLUSIONS: The side effects of using mitotane should be recognized quickly and adequately treated. In prepubertal children, PP could be a complication of therapy. The need to use supraphysiological doses of HC, sometimes with MC, should be highlighted. Some patients require levothyroxine replacement therapy. The neurotoxicity of mitotane is a significant clinical problem.
UNASSIGNED: Rak kory nadnerczy (ACC) jest rzadkim i agresywnym nowotworem. Mitotan jest podstawowym lekiem w terapii uzupełniającej ACC. Celem pracy była ocena pacjentów z rozpoznaniem przedwczesnego dojrzewania płciowego (PP) oraz innych powikłań endokrynologicznych w trakcie leczenia mitotanem.
UNASSIGNED: Do retrospektywnego badania włączono 4 pacjentów, u których w trakcie terapii mitotanem zdiagnozowano PP. W pracy przeanalizowano objawy kliniczne, wyniki badań endokrynologicznych radiologicznych i histopatologicznych.
UNASSIGNED: Mediana wieku w momencie rozpoznania ACC wynosiła 1,5 roku. Wszyscy pacjenci byli leczeni operacyjnie z następową terapią mitotanem, w dwóch przypadkach zastosowano również chemioterapię. Mediana czasu od operacji do rozpoczęcia leczenia mitotanem wyniosła 26 dni. Podczas terapii PP potwierdzono na podstawie objawów, badań hormonalnych i obrazowych. U jednego pacjenta po niepełnym obwodowym PP wystąpiło centralne PP. Mediana czasu od rozpoczęcia terapii do wystąpienia pierwszych objawów PP wyniosła 4 miesiące. Dodatkowo, z powodu niedoczynności kory nadnerczy wywołanej mitotanem, chorzy wymagali ponad fizjologicznych dawek hydrokortyzonu (HC), a u jednego pacjenta konieczna była suplementacja mineralokortykoidów (MC). U dwóch pacjentów rozpoznano niedoczynność tarczycy. Wszyscy pacjenci prezentowali objawy neurologiczne o różnym nasileniu, poważniejsze u młodszych dzieci.
UNASSIGNED: Skutki uboczne stosowania mitotanu powinny być szybko rozpoznane i odpowiednio leczone. U dzieci przed okresem dojrzewania PP może być powikłaniem terapii. Należy zwrócić uwagę na konieczność stosowania ponadfizjologicznych dawek HC, czasem z MC. Niektórzy pacjenci wymagają terapii substytucyjnej lewotyroksyną. Poza endokrynologicznymi objawami ubocznymi istotnym problemem klinicznym jest neurotoksyczność mitotanu.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor originating in the adrenal cortex and characterized by poor 5-year survival. It occurs with a frequency of 2-4 cases per 2 million in the population. Women are more frequently affected than men and it is mostly detected in the fourth and fifth decades. In the most of cases, the cancerogenesis occurs sporadically because of gene driver mutations in somatic adrenocortical cells, in other cases it can be found as part of a genetically determined syndrome such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Wermer\'s syndrome (multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I). ACC most frequently happens occurs without symptoms in the initial stages leading to poor diagnoses. Because of this lack of early detection, the tumor is not considered malignant reducing the benefits of further treatment. Sometimes the fact that the resected tumor is indeed adrenocortical carcinoma becomes clear only after recurrence, or after the appearance of metastases. We present a case of adrenocortical carcinoma in a 46-year-old woman who went to the doctor in 1.5 year after symptoms were manfested. This clinical case illustrates the consequences of late diagnosis of a malignant tumor. We would like to emphasize the importance of timely detection of a neoplasm, using all of the potential of laboratory-instrumental and genomic analysis. Due to low oncological awareness, our patient was slow to seek medical help, which in turn led not only to metastases, but also to complications in the cardiovascular system.
Адренокортикальный рак (АКР) – редкая злокачественная опухоль коры надпочечников c распространенностью 0,5–2 случая на 1 млн населения, характеризующаяся неблагоприятным прогнозом, низкой 5-летней выживаемостью пациентов, поздним сроком выявления и агрессивностью клинического течения. Заболевание чаще встречается среди женщин (1,5:1 или 55–60%), средний возраст на момент постановки диагноза – 40–50 лет. Клинические проявления АКР в большинстве случаев отсутствуют, что является причиной поздней диагностики заболевания. В некоторых случаях АКР диагностируется при рецидиве заболевания после хирургического лечения гормонально-неактивной опухоли надпочечника или на этапе метастазирования. АКР может быть гормонально-активной опухолью, являясь причиной гиперкортицизма/вирильного синдрома и др. Канцерогенез АКР обусловлен как спонтанно возникающими мутациями в соматических клетках коры надпочечников, так и генетическими поломками в рамках того или иного наследственного синдрома, например Ли–Фраумени и Вермера (синдром множественных эндокринных неоплазий 1-го типа). В статье приведен клинический случай, иллюстрирующий последствия поздней диагностики АКР у женщины 46 лет, которая обратилась за медицинской помощью через 1,5 года после развития манифестных симптомов с клиникой вирильного синдрома в сочетании с артериальной гипертензией, инвазией левой почечной вены и распространением опухолевого тромба в просвет нижней полой вены по данным мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии. Данный клинический случай подчеркивает важность онконастороженности и своевременной диагностики АКР с помощью лабораторно-инструментальных и генетических методов.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy originating in the adrenal glands, aldosterone-producing ACC, even rarer. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), by contrast, accounts for the majority of thyroid carcinomas. We herein describe the first reported case of a female with comorbidities of aldosterone-producing ACC, PTC, and Graves\' Disease(GD). The patient achieved transient clinical remission following adrenalectomy. However, three months later, aldosterone-producing ACC lung metastases emerged. Subsequently, within another three-month interval, she developed thyroid eye disease(TED). The patient died roughly one year after the adrenal operation. Exome sequencing did not reveal associations between aldosterone-producing ACC, PTC, and GD, and the underlying concurrence mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Further research of similar cases are needed to confirm potential links between the three pathologies.

暂无摘要。

UNASSIGNED: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an extremely rare and aggressive tumor, and its clinical characteristics are poorly defined because of its rarity.
UNASSIGNED: We report a 64-year-old man who presented with upper abdominal pain and weight loss. Computed tomography revealed a 15 cm left adrenal tumor compressing the pancreas ventrally and a tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC) originating from the left renal vein. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake only in the tumor and tumor thrombus, and radical surgery was planned. Intraoperatively, the tumor was visible on the posterior stomach wall, and the tumor adhered to the pancreas and left kidney. We excised the tumor with part of the pancreas and the left kidney and excised the thrombus from the IVC after clamping. The final diagnosis was ACC, tumor-node-metastasis grade T3N1M0, stage III. The patient received chemotherapy and radiotherapy postoperatively; however, two liver metastases appeared 6 months after surgery. Chemotherapy was continued, and no exacerbation of the liver metastases was observed. Posterior segment resection of the liver was performed 16 months after the initial surgery.
UNASSIGNED: This report of a rare case of ACC involving the pancreas with tumor thrombus extension to the IVC stresses that this combination of conditions does not preclude radical surgery. However, more data are needed regarding chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as relapse treatment, and further research on ACC is essential for a favorable prognosis.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis, which essentially needs an early diagnosis because surgery is the only hope of a cure. On the other hand, primary aldosteronism (PA) is an overproduction of aldosterone from the adrenal glands and is known as one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension and hypokalemia. It is mostly a benign disease. ACC accompanied by PA is extremely rare, which can result in delayed diagnosis and clinical pitfalls. A 56-year-old woman was diagnosed with PA. Mild, symptomatic PA was clinically diagnosed as a right-sided aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) with adrenal tumor using adrenal vein sampling (AVS). The tumor imaging findings showed abnormalities on computed tomography (CT) in terms of size and attenuation value compared with typical benign adenomas. Twelve months later, the tumor was confirmed to be an ACC with cortisol hypersecretion. The resected ACC specimen did not clearly show positive findings for CYP11B1 or CYP11B2, and disorganized steroid production was suspected. However, the prevalence and clinical characteristics of adrenocortical carcinomas with disorganized steroid production remain unclear. Steroidogenic enzyme immunostaining analysis is important not only for the diagnosis of adrenal adenoma but also for a better understanding of the clinical course of hormone-producing ACC.

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis and a frequent metastatic extension. In very rare cases, a cardiac metastatic disease may occur, and surgical resection is essential for its management. MR-guided stereotactic radiotherapy is an attractive radiotherapy modality for the treatment of mobile thoracic tumors, enabling the target to be monitored continuously during irradiation, while the dosimetric plan can be adapted daily if necessary. We report here the case of a patient with intracardiac metastasis secondary to malignant adrenocortical carcinoma, treated with magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotactic radiotherapy.

A 57-year-old woman was diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma. Following the adrenalectomy, she underwent adjuvant radiation and mitotane therapy; however, liver metastases were observed. Repeated radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was performed for liver metastases. In addition, a multidisciplinary approach combining systemic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery was used for lung and distant lymph node metastases that arose during the course of treatment. Notably, 49 months have passed since the adrenalectomy and 36 months since the recurrence of the liver metastases, and the patient remains on multidisciplinary therapy. Thus, RFA for liver metastasis of adrenocortical carcinoma may be an effective component of a multidisciplinary treatment.

Adrenocortical carcinomas are extremely rare in the paediatric population. Most of them are hormone-secretive lesions; therefore, they should be taken into consideration in a child with signs of precocious puberty and/or Cushing\'s syndrome symptoms. Nonetheless, differentiation from benign adrenal tumours is necessary. We report a rare case of adrenocortical carcinoma in a girl and a literature review using the PubMed database. A four-year-old girl presented with rapidly progressing precocious puberty and signs of Cushing\'s syndrome. Imaging of the abdomen revealed a large heterogeneous solid mass. Histopathologic evaluation confirmed adrenocortical carcinoma with high mitotic activity, atypical mitoses, pleomorphism, necrosis, and vascular invasion. After tumourectomy, a decrease of previously elevated hormonal blood parameters was observed. Genetic tests confirmed Li Fraumeni syndrome. Adrenocortical carcinoma should be suspected in children with premature pubarche and signs of Cushing\'s syndrome. Diagnosis must be based on clinical presentation, hormonal tests, imaging, and histopathological evaluation. Complete surgical resection of the tumour is the gold standard. Oncological treatment in children is not yet well-studied and should be individually considered, especially in advanced, inoperable carcinomas with metastases. Genetic investigations are useful for determining the prognosis in patients and their siblings.