OBJECTIVE: Mitotane (Lysodren, o,p\'-DDD [1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane)] is currently the only United States Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency-approved product for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma.
METHODS: Mitotane is challenging to administer; however, its toxicities (specifically adrenal insufficiency) are well known, and the management of adverse consequences has established approaches. While often viewed through the prism of a cytotoxic agent, it can also interfere with hormone production making it a valuable asset in managing functional ACC. A recently completed prospective trial has shed some light on its use in the adjuvant setting, but further clarity is needed. Many think mitotane has a role in the advanced or metastatic setting, although prospective data are lacking and retrospective analyses are often difficult to interpret.
CONCLUSIONS: When used carefully and thoughtfully, especially in patients with hormonal excess, mitotane is an important component of the treatment armamentarium for ACC.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy in children. Because of this, each patient with suspected ACC requires individualised management, which should be determined at a meeting of a team of multidisciplinary experts in the field.
OBJECTIVE: To summarise data on symptoms, genetic predisposition, and diagnostic procedures for ACC in children.
METHODS: Papers were searched in the PubMed database to identify published randomised clinical trials, reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports.
RESULTS: Most cases of ACC in children occur under the age of 5 years. The most common presenting symptom in 60-80% of paediatric patients is rapidly progressive virilisation. Diagnostics are based on laboratory and imaging evaluation. The mainstay of treatment is surgery, with laparotomy being the preferred method of surgery. Diagnosis is based on histological examination of surgically removed tissue. The Wieneke index is most commonly used in paediatric practice. However, some cases are still classified as \"indeterminate histology\". Predisposing genetic factors are found in most children with ACC, most commonly a mutation of the TP53 gene.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients should be diagnosed in large clinical centres with experience in this field. The treatment strategy should be individualised. Genetic testing for TP53 gene mutations is indicated in patients with ACC.
UNASSIGNED: Rak kory nadnerczy (ACC) to rzadki nowotwór złośliwy występujący u dzieci. Z uwagi na to każdy pacjent z jego podejrzeniem wymaga indywidualnego postępowania, które powinno zostać ustalone na posiedzeniu wielodyscyplinarnego zespołu ekspertów w tym zakresie.
UNASSIGNED: Podsumowanie danych dotyczących objawów, predyspozycji genetycznych i postępowania diagnostycznego w kierunku ACC u dzieci.
UNASSIGNED: Przegląd publikacji bazy PubMed obejmujący badania kliniczne z randomizacją, przeglądy systematyczne, meta- analizy i opisy przypadków.
UNASSIGNED: Większość przypadków ACC u dzieci występuje w wieku poniżej 5 lat. Najczęstszym objawem u 60–80% pacjentów pediatrycznych jest szybko postępująca wirylizacja. Diagnostyka opiera się na ocenie laboratoryjnej oraz obrazowej. Podstawą leczenia jest operacja. Preferowaną metodą chirurgiczną jest laparotomia. Rozpoznanie ustala się na podstawie badania histologicznego tkanki pobranej operacyjnie. Najczęściej stosowanym w praktyce pediatrycznej jest indeks Wienka. Mimo to niektóre przypadki nadal klasyfikuje się jako o „nieokreślonej histologii”. U większości dzieci z ACC stwierdza się predysponujące czynniki genetyczne – najczęściej mutację genu TP53.
UNASSIGNED: Pacjenci powinni być diagnozowani w dużych ośrodkach klinicznych posiadających doświadczenie w tym zakresie. Strategię leczenia należy dostosować indywidualnie. U pacjentów z ACC wskazane jest wykonanie badań genetycznych w kierunku mutacji genu TP53.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare and an aggressive tumour. Mitotane is the mainstay adjuvant drug in treating ACC. The study aimed to describe patients diagnosed with precocious puberty (PP) and other endocrinological complications during mitotane therapy.
METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 4 patients with ACC treated with mitotane therapy complicated by PP. We analysed clinical manifestations, radiological, histopathological findings, and hormonal results.
RESULTS: The median age at the diagnosis of ACC was 1.5 years. All patients were treated with surgery and mitotane, accompanied by chemotherapy regimens in 2 cases. The median time from surgery to the initiation of mitotane therapy was 26 days. During mitotane treatment, PP was confirmed based on symptoms, and hormonal and imaging tests. In one patient, incomplete peripheral PP was followed by central PP. The median time from the therapy initiation to the first manifestations of PP was 4 months. Additionally, due to mitotane-induced adrenal insufficiency, patients required a supraphysiological dose of hydrocortisone (HC), and in one patient, mineralocorticoid (MC) replacement with fludrocortisone was necessary. In 2 patients, hypothyroidism was diagnosed. All patients presented neurological symptoms of varying expression, which were more severe in younger children.
CONCLUSIONS: The side effects of using mitotane should be recognized quickly and adequately treated. In prepubertal children, PP could be a complication of therapy. The need to use supraphysiological doses of HC, sometimes with MC, should be highlighted. Some patients require levothyroxine replacement therapy. The neurotoxicity of mitotane is a significant clinical problem.
UNASSIGNED: Rak kory nadnerczy (ACC) jest rzadkim i agresywnym nowotworem. Mitotan jest podstawowym lekiem w terapii uzupełniającej ACC. Celem pracy była ocena pacjentów z rozpoznaniem przedwczesnego dojrzewania płciowego (PP) oraz innych powikłań endokrynologicznych w trakcie leczenia mitotanem.
UNASSIGNED: Do retrospektywnego badania włączono 4 pacjentów, u których w trakcie terapii mitotanem zdiagnozowano PP. W pracy przeanalizowano objawy kliniczne, wyniki badań endokrynologicznych radiologicznych i histopatologicznych.
UNASSIGNED: Mediana wieku w momencie rozpoznania ACC wynosiła 1,5 roku. Wszyscy pacjenci byli leczeni operacyjnie z następową terapią mitotanem, w dwóch przypadkach zastosowano również chemioterapię. Mediana czasu od operacji do rozpoczęcia leczenia mitotanem wyniosła 26 dni. Podczas terapii PP potwierdzono na podstawie objawów, badań hormonalnych i obrazowych. U jednego pacjenta po niepełnym obwodowym PP wystąpiło centralne PP. Mediana czasu od rozpoczęcia terapii do wystąpienia pierwszych objawów PP wyniosła 4 miesiące. Dodatkowo, z powodu niedoczynności kory nadnerczy wywołanej mitotanem, chorzy wymagali ponad fizjologicznych dawek hydrokortyzonu (HC), a u jednego pacjenta konieczna była suplementacja mineralokortykoidów (MC). U dwóch pacjentów rozpoznano niedoczynność tarczycy. Wszyscy pacjenci prezentowali objawy neurologiczne o różnym nasileniu, poważniejsze u młodszych dzieci.
UNASSIGNED: Skutki uboczne stosowania mitotanu powinny być szybko rozpoznane i odpowiednio leczone. U dzieci przed okresem dojrzewania PP może być powikłaniem terapii. Należy zwrócić uwagę na konieczność stosowania ponadfizjologicznych dawek HC, czasem z MC. Niektórzy pacjenci wymagają terapii substytucyjnej lewotyroksyną. Poza endokrynologicznymi objawami ubocznymi istotnym problemem klinicznym jest neurotoksyczność mitotanu.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant tumour that originates from the adrenal cortex. It is a highly aggressive cancer characterised by a poor prognosis with an annual incidence estimated to be up to 2 cases per million. In the adult population, ACC is diagnosed typically between 40 and 50 years of age, more often in women. Complete surgical resection of the tumour is the primary treatment method for ACC. Unfortunately, despite properly performed adrenalectomy, regional recurrences or distant metastases are detected in up to 90% of the patients. For that reason, adjuvant therapy is recommended. Mitotane is the most effective adrenal-specific agent used in adjuvant and palliative therapy. Two menstruating patients, after adrenalectomy due to ACC, during adjuvant mitotane therapy, have been included in the study. The study aimed to assess the effect of mitotane therapy on the endometrium and its clinical consequences, based on the analysis of these two cases and a review of the literature. It seems that menorrhagia may be expected during adjuvant mitotane therapy of ACC in menstruating women. Heavy uterine bleeding during menstruation may appear several months after the beginning of therapy. The likely mechanism for heavy menstrual bleeding is complex. Menorrhagia can occur due to the toxic effect of mitotane in the form of a haemorrhagic diathesis, while long-term treatment (over ten months) can lead to relative hypoestrogenism resulting in endometrial hyperplasia. Clinical signs of hypoestrogenism during mitotane treatment, have been described (including pre-puberty girls) and should be considered as a side-effect of the therapy. Menorrhagia may lead to severe anaemia, so this should be considered when planning mitotane treatment. Continuous gestagen therapy is helpful in the treatment of the above disorders. After over 60 years of experience with mitotane usage, knowledge about it is still insufficient, and further studies are required.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of different malignancies. However, their efficacy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) remains uncertain. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the efficacy and tolerability of ICIs in patients with advanced ACC. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and CENTRAL for studies that used ICIs in ACC. Studies with more than five patients were included in the meta-analysis of the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and grade 3/4 adverse events. Twenty studies with 23 treatment arms and 250 patients were included. Single-agent anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 treatment was utilized in 13 treatment arms, whereas an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 combination was used in 4 treatment arms. Other anti-PD1- or anti-PD-L1-based combinations were used in five treatment arms. The ORR was 14% (95% CI = 10-19%, I2 = 0%), and the DCR was 43% (95% CI = 37-50%, I2 = 13%). The combination anti-PD1- or anti-PD-L1-based treatment strategies did not correlate with higher responses compared with monotherapy. The median OS was 13.9 months (95% CI = 7.85-23.05), and the median PFS was 2.8 months (95% CI = 1.8-5.4). ICIs have a modest efficacy in advanced ACC but a good OS. Further studies are needed to investigate predictive biomarkers for ICI response and to compare ICI-based strategies with the current standard of care.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive endocrine malignancy. Although surgery can cure localized disease, but the majority of patients experience recurrence of ACC. The 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic ACC is <15%, and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for ACC. Recently, it has been proved that non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) is widely involved in pathological and physiological processes, including tumorigenesis and development. Aberrantly expressed ncRNAs have been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of ACC. Here, we summarized the expression patterns and the molecular mechanism of the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in ACC development. To explore the clinical value of ncRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers of ACC, we also displayed the relationship between the expression level of ncRNAs and the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with ACC.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) accounts for 0.2% of childhood malignancies. The most common symptom in children is rapidly progressive androgenization. Herein, we report a case of a patient with symptoms of hypercortisolaemia and androgenization, who was diagnosed with ACC.
METHODS: In a 10-year-old patient with ACC the course of the disease was complicated by 3 recurrences. She was treated with surgery, chemo-, and radiotherapy. Currently, 8 years after the end of treatment, there have been no signs of recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: A patient after ACC treatment requires regular check-ups and long-term observation. Constant supervision enables early diagnosis of disease recurrence, and the use of treatment improves the prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is a rare disease confined wholly or chiefly to extramural involvement. Tumor thrombus in the central adrenal vein, renal vein, and inferior vena cava has been reported in adrenal pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, adrenal metastasis carcinoma, and adrenal leiomyosarcoma. Primary adrenal diffuse large B cell lymphoma with tumor thrombus in the central adrenal vein has rarely been reported in the current study. ( We searched in PubMed, Web of Science databases, Embase, and Medline in the English language from 1970 to December 2022. The keywords used were \"Primary adrenal lymphoma \" and \" tumor thrombus\".) CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we discuss the case of a 57-year-old woman who complained of abdominal discomfort following cold stimulation, low back pain, anorexia, fatigue, and weight loss for 1 year. Contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography (CT) showed mild-to-moderate enhancement of the bilateral masses and central adrenal vein tumor thrombus. After an exhaustive study, the patient was diagnosed with primary adrenal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In the diagnosis of PAL, the possibility of a tumor embolism in the central adrenal vein, renal vein, or inferior vena cava should be considered, although this is rare.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy. Extensive rhabdoid morphology in ACC has been described recently in very few cases. The proportion of rhabdoid morphology and the role of SMARCB1/ INI1 expression in these tumor cells to diagnose the specific variant is not described in the literature. We reviewed the clinicopathological features of nine cases of adrenocortical neoplasm. Out of which, three cases of ACC showed predominant rhabdoid morphology. Large discohesive cells with abundant cytoplasm containing eosinophilic inclusions, eccentric vesicular nucleus, and prominent nucleoli. INI1 immunostain was retained in all cases. We reported the rhabdoid variant of ACC, a novel entity, and its diagnostic approach from their histological mimickers. Identifying more cases of this entity will help to clearly understand the pathogenesis, biologic behaviour, and any specific molecular alterations in the future.

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