BACKGROUND: Older Americans, a growing segment of the population, have an increasing need for surgical services, and they experience a disproportionate burden of postoperative complications compared to their younger counterparts. A preoperative comprehensive geriatric assessment (pCGA) is recommended to reduce risk and improve surgical care delivery for this population, which has been identified as vulnerable. The pCGA optimizes multiple chronic conditions and factors commonly overlooked in routine preoperative planning, including physical function, polypharmacy, nutrition, cognition, mental health, and social and environmental support. The pCGA has been shown to decrease postoperative morbidity, mortality, and length of stay in a variety of surgical specialties. Although national guidelines recommend the use of the pCGA, a paucity of strategic guidance for implementation limits its uptake to a few academic medical centers. By applying implementation science and human factors engineering methods, this study will provide the necessary evidence to optimize the implementation of the pCGA in a variety of health care settings.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to describe the study protocol to design an adaptable, user-centered pCGA implementation package for use among older adults before major abdominal surgery.
METHODS: This protocol uses systems engineering methods to develop, tailor, and pilot-test a user-centered pCGA implementation package, which can be adapted to community-based hospitals in preparation for a multisite implementation trial. The protocol is based upon the National Institutes of Health Stage Model for Behavioral Intervention Development and aligns with the goal to develop behavioral interventions with an eye to real-world implementation. In phase 1, we will use observation and interviews to map the pCGA process and identify system-based barriers and facilitators to its use among older adults undergoing major abdominal surgery. In phase 2, we will apply user-centered design methods, engaging health care providers, patients, and caregivers to co-design a pCGA implementation package. This package will be applicable to a diverse population of older patients undergoing major abdominal surgery at a large academic hospital and an affiliate community site. In phase 3, we will pilot-test and refine the pCGA implementation package in preparation for a future randomized controlled implementation-effectiveness trial. We anticipate that this study will take approximately 60 months (April 2023-March 2028).
RESULTS: This study protocol will generate (1) a detailed process map of the pCGA; (2) an adaptable, user-centered pCGA implementation package ready for feasibility testing in a pilot trial; and (3) preliminary pilot data on the implementation and effectiveness of the package. We anticipate that these data will serve as the basis for future multisite hybrid implementation-effectiveness clinical trials of the pCGA in older adults undergoing major abdominal surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: The expected results of this study will contribute to improving perioperative care processes for older adults before major abdominal surgery.
UNASSIGNED: DERR1-10.2196/59428.

OBJECTIVE: Phase 1: to determine the feasibility of desensitizing ventral branches of spinal nerves within the rectus sheath using an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block (USRSB). Phase 2: to determine the effect of preoperative USRSB on intraoperative responses to surgical stimulation and postoperative pain.
METHODS: Cadaveric study and prospective, randomized, blinded, parallel-arm clinical trial.
METHODS: A group of five cat cadavers and 37 shelter-owned cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
METHODS: Phase 1: anatomical dissection was performed on one uninjected cadaver. Abdominal walls were dissected in four cadavers (eight hemiabdomens) following bilateral USRSB using 1:1 new methylene blue and 0.5% bupivacaine (0.8 mL kg-1 total). Phase 2: preoperative bilateral USRSB was performed with 0.8 mL kg-1 of 0.25% bupivacaine (RSB) or equivalent volume of 0.9% saline (CONTROL). Intraoperative systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and vaporizer setting (vap%) were recorded before skin incision, during celiotomy and abdominal wall closure. In recovery, cats were administered robenacoxib (2 mg kg-1; CONTROL) or 0.9% saline (0.1 mL kg-1; RSB) subcutaneously. Postoperative pain was evaluated for 6 hours using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale.
RESULTS: Phase 1: spinal nerves T9-L3 were identified within the rectus sheath, and stained in 0%, 40%, 63%, 75%, 100%, 88%, 50% and 13% of hemiabdomens, respectively. Phase 2: 37 cats were included (RSB, n = 17; CONTROL, n = 20). Intraoperatively, SAP, HR and fR were not significantly different between groups. Vap% was significantly lower in RSB during celiotomy (p = 0.036) and closure (p = 0.044). Postoperatively, RSB cats were 5.3 times (95% CI 1.8-8.3) more likely to require rescue analgesia than CONTROL cats.
CONCLUSIONS: During surgery, USRSB with bupivacaine offered minor benefits and provided markedly less postoperative analgesia than robenacoxib, indicating that relying on USRSB provides insufficient postoperative analgesia for ovariohysterectomy in cats.

BACKGROUND: The study aims to compare the accuracy and safety of robotic-assisted navigation puncture to freehand puncture during computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous needle insertion in the chest and abdomen.
METHODS: A total of 60 patients required percutaneous puncture procedures, with 40 involving the chest and 20 involving the abdomen. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to two groups. The test group punctured using a robotic-assisted navigation system, whereas the control group punctured manually. The primary outcome assessment standards are single puncture success rates, with the number of needle modifications and CT scan timings during the procedure serving as supplementary outcome evaluation standards. The Wilcoxon rank sum test is used for the comparison.
RESULTS: The puncture procedure\'s success rates after just one puncture: The test group punctures accurately without adjusting the puncture needle, while the control group uses an average number of 1.73 ± 1.20 pins. The once-puncture success rate of robot navigation puncture is considerably higher than that of bare-handed puncture (P < 0.001). The times of CT scan are necessitated when the puncture is in place: the average times in the test group is 3.03 ± 0.18 times, while the control group is 4.70 ± 1.24 times.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the robotic-assisted navigation system improves puncture accuracy while reducing the need for needle corrections during percutaneous puncture procedures. It also shortens CT scans and reduces radiation exposure from X-rays.

BACKGROUND: The indications for temporary abdominal closure in nontrauma surgery are heterogeneous and with limited data on clinical outcomes. This study aimed to report the outcomes of primary closure compared with temporary abdominal closure after nontrauma emergency laparotomy within a standardized clinical setting adapted from international guidelines.
METHODS: Included were all nontrauma patients undergoing emergency laparotomy between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022, at Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev in Denmark. All patients received treatment on the basis of standardized bundle of care trajectory for major emergency abdominal surgery. Mortality, risks of re-laparotomy, and postoperative complications were assessed using Kaplan-Meier plots and multiple logistic regression modeling.
RESULTS: Of the 576 included patients, temporary abdominal closure was performed in 57 (10%) patients in the initial surgery. Indications for temporary abdominal closure included damage control strategy as the result of considerable hemodynamic instability in 21 (37%) patients, need for reassessment of bowel viability in 21 (37%) patients, and loss of domain in 15 (25%) patients. Fascial closure was achieved after a median period of 2 days. Sixty-seven patients (12%) underwent re-laparotomy, with temporary abdominal closure performed in 10 (15%) of the cases. Patients with temporary abdominal closure had a significantly greater risk of postoperative complications (odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 1.38-4.89, P = .003). There were no significant differences in the risks of fascial dehiscence, re-laparotomy, or 30- or 90-days mortality.
CONCLUSIONS: Temporary abdominal closure was performed in 10% of patients undergoing nontrauma emergency laparotomy, with the primary indications being damage control strategy and need for reassessment of bowel viability. Patients undergoing temporary abdominal closure had a significantly greater risk of postoperative complications.

High dose-rate brachytherapy is a treatment technique for gynecologic cancers where intracavitary applicators are placed within the patient\'s pelvic cavity. To ensure accurate radiation delivery, localization of the applicator at the time of insertion is vital. This study proposes a novel method for acquiring, registering, and fusing three-dimensional (3D) trans-abdominal and 3D trans-rectal ultrasound (US) images for visualization of the pelvic anatomy and applicators during gynecologic brachytherapy. The workflow was validated using custom multi-modal pelvic phantoms and demonstrated during two patient procedures. Experiments were performed for three types of intracavitary applicators: ring-and-tandem, ring-and-tandem with interstitial needles, and tandem-and-ovoids. Fused 3D US images were registered to magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) images for validation. The target registration error (TRE) and fiducial localization error (FLE) were calculated to quantify the accuracy of our fusion technique. For both phantom and patient images, TRE and FLE across all modality registrations (3D US versus MR or CT) resulted in mean ± standard deviation of 4.01 ± 1.01 mm and 0.43 ± 0.24 mm, respectively. This work indicates proof of concept for conducting further clinical studies leveraging 3D US imaging as an accurate, accessible alternative to advanced modalities for localizing brachytherapy applicators.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of single-shot echo planar diffusion-weighted imaging with compressed SENSE (EPICS-DWI) for pancreas assessment by comparing with single-shot echo planar DWI with parallel imaging (PI-DWI).
METHODS: This multicenter prospective study included 27 consecutive participants with untreated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) (15 men; mean age, 67 ± 10 years) who underwent pancreatic protocol MRI including both PI-DWI and EPICS-DWI. Two radiologists independently and randomly reviewed the high b-value DWI images and qualitatively assigned confidence scores for overall image quality, image noise, pancreas conspicuity, and PDAC conspicuity using a 5-point scale. One radiologist measured the PDAC-to-pancreas contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) on high b-value DWI images and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of PDAC. Qualitative and quantitative parameters were compared between PI-DWI and EPICS-DWI using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
RESULTS: The confidence scores for overall image quality (P < 0.001 in both radiologists) and image noise (P < 0.001 in both radiologists) were higher in EPICS-DWI than in PI-DWI. The pancreas conspicuity was better in EPICS-DWI than in PI-DWI in one of the radiologists (P = 0.02 and 0.06). The PDAC conspicuity was comparable between PI-DWI and EPICS-DWI (P > 0.99 in both radiologists). The PDAC-to-pancreas CNR was higher in EPICS-DWI than in PI-DWI (P = 0.02), while the ADC value of PDAC in PI-DWI was not significantly different compared to that in EPICS-DWI (P = 0.48).
CONCLUSIONS: The image quality and PDAC-to-pancreas CNR was improved in EPICS-DWI compared to PI-DWI. However, the conspicuity and ADC value of PDAC were comparable between PI-DWI and EPICS-DWI.

BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity poses a global challenge to healthcare delivery. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of multimorbidity, common disease combinations and outcomes in a contemporary cohort of patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.
METHODS: This was a pre-planned analysis of a prospective, multicentre, international study investigating cardiovascular complications after major abdominal surgery conducted in 446 hospitals in 29 countries across Europe. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative mortality. The secondary outcome measure was the incidence of complications within 30 days of surgery.
RESULTS: Of 24,227 patients, 7006 (28.9%) had one long-term condition and 10,486 (43.9%) had multimorbidity (two or more long-term health conditions). The most common conditions were primary cancer (39.6%); hypertension (37.9%); chronic kidney disease (17.4%); and diabetes (15.4%). Patients with multimorbidity had a higher incidence of frailty compared with patients ≤ 1 long-term health condition. Mortality was higher in patients with one long-term health condition (adjusted odds ratio 1.93 (95%CI 1.16-3.23)) and multimorbidity (adjusted odds ratio 2.22 (95%CI 1.35-3.64)). Frailty and ASA physical status 3-5 mediated an estimated 31.7% of the 30-day mortality in patients with one long-term health condition (adjusted odds ratio 1.30 (95%CI 1.12-1.51)) and an estimated 36.9% of the 30-day mortality in patients with multimorbidity (adjusted odds ratio 1.61 (95%CI 1.36-1.91)). There was no improvement in 30-day mortality in patients with multimorbidity who received pre-operative medical assessment.
CONCLUSIONS: Multimorbidity is common and outcomes are poor among surgical patients across Europe. Addressing multimorbidity in elective and emergency patients requires innovative strategies to account for frailty and disease control. The development of such strategies, that integrate care targeting whole surgical pathways to strengthen current systems, is urgently needed for multimorbid patients. Interventional trials are warranted to determine the effectiveness of targeted management for surgical patients with multimorbidity.

OBJECTIVE: Although noninvasive ventilation (NIV) may reduce reintubation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure following abdominal surgery, this strategy has not been specifically assessed in patients with obesity.
METHODS: We conducted a post hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing NIV delivered via facial mask to standard oxygen therapy among patients with obesity and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure within 7 days after abdominal surgery. The primary outcome was reintubation within 7 days. Secondary outcomes were invasive ventilation-free days at day 30, intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia and 30-day survival.
RESULTS: Among 293 patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure following abdominal surgery, 76 (26%) patients had obesity and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Reintubation rate was significantly lower with NIV (13/42, 31%) than with standard oxygen therapy (19/34, 56%) within 7 days (absolute difference: - 25%, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 49 to - 1%, p = 0.03). NIV was associated with significantly more invasive ventilation-free days compared with standard oxygen therapy (27.1 ± 8.6 vs 22.7 ± 11.1 days; p = 0.02), while fewer patients developed ICU-acquired pneumonia (1/42, 2% vs 6/34, 18%; p = 0.04). The 30-day survival was 98% in the NIV group (41/42) versus 85% in the standard oxygen therapy (p = 0.08). In patients with body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2, no significant difference was observed between NIV (36/105, 34%) and standard oxygen therapy (47/109, 43%, p = 0.03). An interaction test showed no statistically significant difference between the two subsets (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and BMI < 30 kg/m2).
CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with obesity and hypoxemic respiratory failure following abdominal surgery, use of NIV compared with standard oxygen therapy reduced the risk of reintubation within 7 days, contrary to patients without obesity. However, no interaction was found according to the presence of obesity or not, suggesting either a lack of power to conclude in the non-obese subgroup despite existing differences, or that the statistical difference found in the overall sample was driven by a large effect in the obese subsets.

This study aimed to compare the effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, fentanyl and magnesium sulfate added to ropivacaine on the onset and duration of sensory and motor blocks in lower abdominal surgery. This double-blind randomized clinical trial included 90 patients scheduled for lower abdominal surgery at Vali-Asr Hospital in Arak, Iran. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into three equal groups and then underwent spinal anesthesia. The first group received 10 μg of dexmedetomidine, the second group received 50 μg of fentanyl, and the third group received 200 mg of 20% magnesium sulfate intrathecally in addition to 15 mg of 0.5% ropivacaine. In the dexmedetomidine group, the mean arterial blood pressure was lower than the other two groups (P = 0.001). Moreover, the time to onset of sensory block (P = 0.001) and the mean duration of sensory block (P = 0.001) were shorter and longer, respectively, in the dexmedetomidine group than in the other two groups. In the dexmedetomidine group, the mean time to onset of motor block (P = 0.001) and the mean duration of motor block (P = 0.001) were lower and higher than in the other two groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in visual analog scale score, heart rate, administered opioid, and drug side effects among the three groups. Dexmedetomidine caused early sensory and motor blocks while prolonging the duration of sensory and motor blocks compared with the other two groups. In addition, dexmedetomidine reduced mean arterial blood pressure in patients. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that dexmedetomidine can be used in order to enhance the quality of sensory and motor block in patients.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a multi-reader comparison of multiparametric dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) images reconstructed with deep-learning image reconstruction (DLIR) and standard-of-care adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V).
METHODS: This retrospective study included 100 patients undergoing portal venous phase abdominal CT on a rapid kVp switching DECT scanner. Six reconstructed DECT sets (ASIR-V and DLIR, each at three strengths) were generated. Each DECT set included 65 keV monoenergetic, iodine, and virtual unenhanced (VUE) images. Using a Likert scale, three radiologists performed qualitative assessments for image noise, contrast, small structure visibility, sharpness, artifact, and image preference. Quantitative assessment was performed by measuring attenuation, image noise, and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR). For the qualitative analysis, Gwet\'s AC2 estimates were used to assess agreement.
RESULTS: DECT images reconstructed with DLIR yielded better qualitative scores than ASIR-V images except for artifacts, where both groups were comparable. DLIR-H images were rated higher than other reconstructions on all parameters (p-value < 0.05). On quantitative analysis, there was no significant difference in the attenuation values between ASIR-V and DLIR groups. DLIR images had higher CNR values for the liver and portal vein, and lower image noise, compared to ASIR-V images (p-value < 0.05). The subgroup analysis of patients with large body habitus (weight ≥ 90 kg) showed similar results to the study population. Inter-reader agreement was good-to-very good overall.
CONCLUSIONS: Multiparametric post-processed DECT datasets reconstructed with DLIR were preferred over ASIR-V images with DLIR-H yielding the highest image quality scores.
CONCLUSIONS: Deep-learning image reconstruction in dual-energy CT demonstrated significant benefits in qualitative and quantitative image metrics compared to adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V.
CONCLUSIONS: Dual-energy CT (DECT) images reconstructed using deep-learning image reconstruction (DLIR) showed superior qualitative scores compared to adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V) reconstructed images, except for artifacts where both reconstructions were rated comparable. While there was no significant difference in attenuation values between ASIR-V and DLIR groups, DLIR images showed higher contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) for liver and portal vein, and lower image noise (p value < 0.05). Subgroup analysis of patients with large body habitus (weight ≥ 90 kg) yielded similar findings to the overall study population.