OBJECTIVE: To provide guidance, via multidisciplinary consensus statements, on the safety interactions between systemic anticancer agents (such as radiosensitizing chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 (90Y)-labeled microspheres in the treatment of primary and metastatic liver malignancies.
METHODS: A literature search identified 59 references that informed 26 statements on the safety of 90Y TARE combined with systemic therapies. Modified Delphi method was used to develop consensus on statements through online anonymous surveys of the 12 panel members representing the fields of interventional radiology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, hepatology, and pharmacy, focusing on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), neuroendocrine tumors, metastatic breast cancer, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
RESULTS: High-level evidence was limited. Level 1 data in patients with mCRC suggest that some radiosensitizing chemotherapies (eg, oxaliplatin) require temporary dose reduction when used concomitantly with 90Y TARE, and some targeted therapies (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors and antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors) should be avoided for at least 4 weeks before 90Y TARE. In patients with HCC, the feasibility of 90Y TARE and immunotherapy has been demonstrated with Level 4 evidence. Data are more limited for other primary and secondary liver malignancies, and consensus statements were driven by expert opinion (Level 5).
CONCLUSIONS: Given the absence of evidence-based guidelines on the safety of 90Y TARE in combination with systemic anticancer therapy, these consensus statements provide expert guidance on the potential risks when considering specific combinations.

Yttrium-90 microsphere selective internal radiation therapy (90Y-SIRT) has been used clinically for more than 50 years for liver malignancies, with confirmed safety and efficacy. Although it has been widely used for more than 20 years abroad, 90Y-SIRT is just getting started in China. The procedure of 90Y-SIRT is relatively complex, which need multidisciplinary teamwork and higher requirements for operators. Once the ectopic distribution of 90Y microspheres occurs, it may lead to relatively serious complications. Therefore, it does need to standardize the procedure of 90Y-SIRT to ensure its efficacy, reduce the incidence of complications, and promote the popularization and application in China. It is for these reasons that experts from Chinese College of Interventionalists and Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery of Chinese Research Hospital Association formulate the Expert consensus based on the literature evidence and clinical practice, which including patient selection, preoperative imaging examination, aim of 90Y-SIRT, prescription dose calculation, 90Y-SIRT protocol, postoperative management, common adverse reactions and complications, etc.
钇-90微球选择性内放射治疗（90Y-SIRT）肝脏恶性肿瘤已有50余年临床应用史，大规模临床应用亦超过20年，其安全性和疗效已被证实，但在我国仍处于起步阶段。90Y-SIRT操作复杂，涉及多学科团队协作，对操作者要求较高，一旦发生90Y微球异位分布可能会导致严重并发症。因此，规范90Y-SIRT操作技术，对促进90Y-SIRT在我国稳步推广至关重要。中国医师协会介入医师分会联合中国研究型医院学会肝胆胰外科专业委员会组织国内相关领域专家，基于现有文献证据并结合我国临床实践，围绕患者筛选、术前影像学评估、90Y-SIRT方案、处方剂量计算、90Y-SIRT的实施、术后管理、常见不良反应与并发症等，共同制订本专家共识，以规范90Y-SIRT操作，保证疗效，降低并发症发生率，促进90Y-SIRT在国内的推广和普及。.

Radioembolization using Yttrium-90 (90 Y) microspheres is widely used to treat primary and metastatic liver tumors. The present work provides minimum practice guidelines for establishing and supporting such a program. Medical physicists play a key role in patient and staff safety during these procedures. Products currently available are identified and their properties and suppliers summarized. Appropriateness for use is the domain of the treating physician. Patient work up starts with pre-treatment imaging. First, a mapping study using Technetium-99m (Tc-99m ) is carried out to quantify the lung shunt fraction (LSF) and to characterize the vascular supply of the liver. An MRI, CT, or a PET-CT scan is used to obtain information on the tumor burden. The tumor volume, LSF, tumor histology, and other pertinent patient characteristics are used to decide the type and quantity of 90 Y to be ordered. On the day of treatment, the appropriate dose is assayed using a dose calibrator with a calibration traceable to a national standard. In the treatment suite, the care team led by an interventional radiologist delivers the dose using real-time image guidance. The treatment suite is posted as a radioactive area during the procedure and staff wear radiation dosimeters. The treatment room, patient, and staff are surveyed post-procedure. The dose delivered to the patient is determined from the ratio of pre-treatment and residual waste exposure rate measurements. Establishing such a treatment modality is a major undertaking requiring an institutional radioactive materials license amendment complying with appropriate federal and state radiation regulations and appropriate staff training commensurate with their respective role and function in the planning and delivery of the procedure. Training, documentation, and areas for potential failure modes are identified and guidance is provided to ameliorate them.

To develop a multidisciplinary consensus for high quality multidisciplinary implementation of brachytherapy using Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres transarterial radioembolization (90Y TARE) for primary and metastatic cancers in the liver.
Members of the American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) and colleagues with multidisciplinary expertise in liver tumor therapy formulated guidelines for 90Y TARE for unresectable primary liver malignancies and unresectable metastatic cancer to the liver. The consensus is provided on the most recent literature and clinical experience.
The ABS strongly recommends the use of 90Y microsphere brachytherapy for the definitive/palliative treatment of unresectable liver cancer when recommended by the multidisciplinary team. A quality management program must be implemented at the start of 90Y TARE program development and follow-up data should be tracked for efficacy and toxicity. Patient-specific dosimetry optimized for treatment intent is recommended when conducting 90Y TARE. Implementation in patients on systemic therapy should account for factors that may enhance treatment related toxicity without delaying treatment inappropriately. Further management and salvage therapy options including retreatment with 90Y TARE should be carefully considered.
ABS consensus for implementing a safe 90Y TARE program for liver cancer in the multidisciplinary setting is presented. It builds on previous guidelines to include recommendations for appropriate implementation based on current literature and practices in experienced centers. Practitioners and cooperative groups are encouraged to use this document as a guide to formulate their clinical practices and to adopt the most recent dose reporting policies that are critical for a unified outcome analysis of future effectiveness studies.

Primary liver tumours (i.e. hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC)) are among the most frequent cancers worldwide. However, only 10-20% of patients are amenable to curative treatment, such as resection or transplant. Liver metastases are most frequently caused by colorectal cancer, which accounts for the second most cancer-related deaths in Europe. In both primary and secondary tumours, radioembolization has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment option. The vast potential of personalized dosimetry has also been shown, resulting in markedly increased response rates and overall survival. In a rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape, the role of radioembolization will be subject to changes. Therefore, the decision for radioembolization should be taken by a multidisciplinary tumour board in accordance with the current clinical guidelines. The purpose of this procedure guideline is to assist the nuclear medicine physician in treating and managing patients undergoing radioembolization treatment. PREAMBLE: The European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) is a professional non-profit medical association that facilitates communication worldwide among individuals pursuing clinical and research excellence in nuclear medicine. The EANM was founded in 1985. These guidelines are intended to assist practitioners in providing appropriate nuclear medicine care for patients. They are not inflexible rules or requirements of practice and are not intended, nor should they be used, to establish a legal standard of care. The ultimate judgment regarding the propriety of any specific procedure or course of action must be made by medical professionals taking into account the unique circumstances of each case. Thus, there is no implication that an approach differing from the guidelines, standing alone, is below the standard of care. To the contrary, a conscientious practitioner may responsibly adopt a course of action different from that set out in the guidelines when, in the reasonable judgment of the practitioner, such course of action is indicated by the condition of the patient, limitations of available resources or advances in knowledge or technology subsequent to publication of the guidelines. The practice of medicine involves not only the science but also the art of dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation and treatment of disease. The variety and complexity of human conditions make it impossible to always reach the most appropriate diagnosis or to predict with certainty a particular response to treatment. Therefore, it should be recognised that adherence to these guidelines will not ensure an accurate diagnosis or a successful outcome. All that should be expected is that the practitioner will follow a reasonable course of action based on current knowledge, available resources and the needs of the patient to deliver effective and safe medical care. The sole purpose of these guidelines is to assist practitioners in achieving this objective.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical studies conducted in different geographic regions using different methods to compare transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) have demonstrated discordant results. Meta-analyses in this field indicate comparable overall survival (OS) with TACE and TARE, while reporting a longer time to progression and a higher downstaging effect with TARE treatment. In terms of isolated procedure costs, treatment with TARE is 2 to 3 times more, and in some countries even more, expensive than TACE. However, relevant literature indicates that TARE is more advantageous compared to TACE regarding the need for repeat procedures, costs of complication management, total hospital stay and quality of life. Heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients as well as the shortcomings of clinical classifications, randomized clinical trials and cost-effectiveness studies make it difficult to choose between treatment alternatives in this field. As in other countries, these challenges lead to differences in treatment choice across different centers in Turkey.
METHODS: The present expert panel used two round modified Delphi method to investigate the resources and clinical parameters referenced while selecting patients for drug-eluting beads (DEB)-TACE and TARE treatment modalities in Turkish clinical practice. The cost-effectiveness parameters and comparisons of these treatments have also been evaluated at a prediction level.
RESULTS: The panelists stated that they most commonly use the BCLC staging system for the management of HCC patients in Turkey. However, they did not find any of the staging systems or treatment guidelines sufficient enough for their clinical practice in terms of covering the down-staging intent of treatments. Since living donor transplant preference is higher in Turkey than the rest of the Western countries, down-staging treatments are thought to be more prioritized in Turkey than that in other Western countries. The panelists reached a consensus that TARE may provide improved OS and reduce the number of repeat procedures compared to DEB-TACE in intermediate-stage patients with a single tumor spanning a diameter above 5 cm who experience recurrence after previous treatment with TACE and most TACE-naïve patient groups in intermediate stage.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the consensus on OS and the number of procedures, the panelists assumed that TARE would be more cost-effective than DEB-TACE in most groups of TACE-naïve patients in intermediate stage and in those with a single tumor spanning a diameter above 5 cm. It was also stated that the predicted cost-effectiveness advantage of TARE could be more pronounced in patients with a tumor diameter greater than 7 cm.

Liver malignant tumors are one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in China. Selective internal yttrium-90 radioembolization therapy ((90)Y-SIRT) is a kind of promising local minimally invasive method, and its effectiveness and safety has been confirmed in clinical application over the past two decades. Moreover, it has been approved by the U.S. National Comprehensive Cancer Network and other international guidelines for the topical treatment of patients with liver malignancies. Taking into account the complexity of the (90)Y-SIRT and the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to improve the safety and success rate of treatment, the Nuclear Medicine Expert Committee of the Chinese society of Clinical Oncology, along with Beijing Nuclear Medicine Quality Control and Improvement Center invited experts from surgical oncology, interventional medicine, nuclear medicine, and other related fields to discuss and form a consensus on the clinical diagnosis, treatment and management, which mainly included definition, indications and contraindications, treatment procedures, postoperative follow-up, adverse reactions and complications, radiation safety management, etc. Herein, we provide the reference guidance to establish (90)Y-SIRT standardized management and treatment system various units for relevant practitioners.
肝脏恶性肿瘤是中国最常见的癌症死亡病因之一。钇-90微球选择性内放射治疗（(90)Y-SIRT）作为一种具有应用前景的局部微创治疗手段，其疗效及安全性已被近20年来的临床应用所证实，并被美国国立综合癌症网络等国际指南推荐用于肝脏恶性肿瘤患者的局部治疗。鉴于(90)Y-SIRT操作的复杂性，需要多学科协作提升治疗的安全性和成功率，中国临床肿瘤学会核医学专家委员会联合北京市核医学质量控制与改进中心组织了来自肿瘤外科、介入科、核医学科等相关领域专家共同商讨形成(90)Y-SIRT的临床诊治、管理共识，具体涉及定义、适应证和禁忌证、治疗流程、术后随访、不良反应及并发症、辐射安全管理等内容。特此供相关从业人员参考，以助各单位建立(90)Y-SIRT的规范化管理与治疗制度。.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) management has evolved in the last decades. Current available treatments include interventional radiology like radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization or Yttrium 90 radioembolization. Surgery, when possible, has been proven to be the most effective treatment in reducing the risk of long-term local recurrence. American and European societies (AASLD, EASL, respectively) guidelines for the management of HCC endorse The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) treatment allocation system. One drawback of the BCLC system is its restrictiveness regarding surgical indications. This present article aims in reviewing the indications of surgical resection for HCC.
La prise en charge du carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) s’est beaucoup développée au cours des deux dernières décennies. L’éventail des traitements disponibles inclut les techniques de radiologie interventionnelle telles que la radiofréquence, la chimio-embolisation intra-artérielle, et plus récemment, la radio-embolisation à l’Yttrium 90. La chirurgie, lorsqu’elle est possible, reste le traitement le plus efficace prouvé pour réduire le risque de récidive à long terme. Les recommandations actuelles suivies par les sociétés savantes européennes (EASL) et américaines (AASLD) pour la prise en charge des CHC se basent sur l’algorithme de la Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) qui est très restrictif au regard de la place du traitement chirurgical. Le but de cet article est de revoir les indications au traitement chirurgical du CHC.

OBJECTIVE: To standardize the indications, techniques, multimodality treatment approaches, and dosimetry to be used for yttrium-90 (Y90) microsphere hepatic brachytherapy.
METHODS: Members of the Radioembolization Brachytherapy Oncology Consortium met as an independent group of experts in interventional radiology, radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, medical oncology, and surgical oncology to identify areas of consensus and controversy and to issue clinical guidelines for Y90 microsphere brachytherapy.
RESULTS: A total of 14 recommendations are made with category 2A consensus. Key findings include the following. Sufficient evidence exists to support the safety and effectiveness of Y90 microsphere therapy. A meticulous angiographic technique is required to prevent complications. Resin microsphere prescribed activity is best estimated by the body surface area method. By virtue of their training, certification, and contribution to Y90 microsphere treatment programs, the disciplines of radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, and interventional radiology are all qualified to use Y90 microspheres. The panel strongly advocates the creation of a treatment registry with uniform reporting criteria. Initiation of clinical trials is essential to further define the safety and role of Y90 microspheres in the context of currently available therapies.
CONCLUSIONS: Yttrium-90 microsphere therapy is a complex procedure that requires multidisciplinary management for safety and success. Practitioners and cooperative groups are encouraged to use these guidelines to formulate their treatment and dose-reporting policies.

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