The clinical presentation, treatment history, and outcomes of two patients with posttraumatic arteriovenous fistula (PTAVF) were analyzed and compared with the pathological tissues of patients with hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (HAVF). A search of the biomedical literature database (PubMed), using the keywords \" lower extremity\" and \"PTAVF,\" was conducted to obtain results and review the data. Postoperative histological analysis of patients with PTAVF showed differences from that of HAVF. The literature screening and analysis revealed that PTAVF is a chronic progressive process, with 70% of patients diagnosed after 3 months. The choice of treatment revealed that 20% of patients had severe complications and all were treated endovascularly. Due to the abnormal fistula of PTAVF and its specific histopathological features, the disease is not self-limiting. It is unwise to wait for PTAVF to cause \"failure.\" We recommend early and timely cure of this disease by surgery to avoid serious complications.

The association of childhood blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) with intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease several decades later has been shown, but studies on more short-term outcomes are scarce. Using population-based data, this study investigates the association of four BP parameters and HR in childhood with three carotid markers for vascular remodeling one decade later.
At the 11-year follow-up, 4607 participants of the nationwide KiGGS cohort aged 14 to 28 years had semi-automated sonographic carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) measurements. We investigated associations of baseline (age 3-17 years) and follow-up SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP) and resting heart rate (RHR), with CIMT and lumen diameter at or above the 90th percentile and distensibility coefficient at or below the tenth percentile in logistic regressions. Analyses were further adjusted using a composite cardiovascular risk (CVR) score of BMI, triglycerides, total/HDL-cholesterol-ratio and HbA1c.
SBP, DBP, MAP and RHR were significantly and similarly associated with all carotid measures 11 years later, for example an odds ratio (OR) of 1.17 [confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.29] for one standard deviation SBP increase with elevated CIMT when adjusting for sex, age and CVR score. Cross-sectionally, the strongest association was found for MAP with reduced distensibility coefficient (OR 1.76; CI 1.59-1.94).
This population-based cohort study shows robust and consistent associations between childhood BP and RHR and three carotid measures of vascular remodeling only one decade later, clearly underscoring the potential importance of preventing high BP already early in the life course.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) is commonly used to treat Stanford type B aortic dissections. However, coexistence of aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an extremely rare phenomenon, and TEVAR alone is insufficient for treatment. Herein, a case of endovascular treatment in a patient with both aortic dissection and PDA is reported.
METHODS: A 31-year-old woman presented to the authors\' hospital with chest pain extending to the back. At presentation, her blood pressure was 130/70 mm Hg. Her father, brother, and uncle were all diagnosed with aortic dissection.
METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) revealed Stanford type B aortic dissection from the aortic arch to the infrarenal abdominal aorta; however, PDA was incidentally identified.
METHODS: TEVAR was immediately performed. Follow-up CT scan performed 2 months later did not reveal any thrombosis or remodeling of the false lumen, and the PDA remained open. Therefore, an additional PDA embolization procedure was performed using the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II via the transvenous route.
RESULTS: On follow-up CT performed 6 months after PDA embolization, successful remodeling, and shrinkage of the false lumen were observed, and PDA closure was confirmed.
CONCLUSIONS: If Stanford type B aortic dissection and PDA coexist, TEVAR alone may not be a sufficient treatment and additional PDA embolization may be required. In the present case, transvenous embolization of PDA using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug II was safe and effective.

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare disease. It may be idiopathic or associated, in particular, with connective tissue disease, or it may develop after radiation exposure; in heritable forms of PVOD, the inheritance is autosomal recessive due to the presence of homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the EIF2AK4 gene. We describe the case of a young man whose PVOD was initially misdiagnosed as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension despite worsening after riociguat, nonspecific computed tomography pulmonary angiogram findings, and parental consanguinity could suggest an autosomal recessive disease. The correct diagnosis and the correct treatment are crucial given the high mortality rate of this disease.

A renal histology of an 81-year-old man with a 30-year history of diabetes mellitus (DM), as well as diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy, was examined. The patient\'s blood pressure was controlled within the normal range (less than 140/75 mmHg) using antihypertensive agents including angiotensin receptor blocker. Edematous management was achieved by a strict salt diet (less than 6 g/per day). However, this patient\'s glycemic control was poor with HbA1c 8-10%. Serum creatinine was 0.87 mg/dL and estimated globular filtration rate (eGFR) was 64 ml/min/1.73m2. Urinary protein excretion was 1.5 g/day. This patient\'s renal biopsy showed linear staining for IgG along the GBM by immunofluorescence microscopy, but light microscopy showed almost intact glomeruli, and the GBM was not thickened as revealed by electron microscopy with a width of 288-368 nm (< 430 nm). While arteriolar hyalinosis was severe, and polar vasculosis was observed around the glomerular vascular pole. This case indicates that long-standing hyperglycemia may induce polar vasculosis by the mechanism of angiogenesis, but diabetic glomerulopathy can become minor change, only when hypertension and edematous management could be controlled strictly.

We report a case of acute type I aortic dissection in which an emergency graft replacement of the ascending aorta and innominate artery was performed. We performed false lumen thrombosis through hybrid thoracic endovascular aortic repair to seal the primary entry tear, followed by false lumen obliteration at the level of the descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, and right common iliac artery. Over a period of 4.5 years, we used Amplatzer vascular plugs and coils based on our computed tomography angiography follow-up protocol.

5-Ethynyl-2\'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation is becoming the gold standard method for in vitro and in vivo visualization of proliferating cells. The small size of the fluorescent azides used for detection results in a high degree of specimen penetration. It can be used to easily detect DNA replication in large tissue samples or organ explants with low proliferation and turnover of cells formerly believed to be in a \"terminal\" state of differentiation. Here we describe a protocol for the localization and identification of proliferating cells in quiescent or injured pulmonary vasculature, in a model of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). PVOD is an uncommon form of pulmonary hypertension characterized by progressive obstruction of small pulmonary veins. We previously reported that mitomycin-C (MMC) therapy is associated with PVOD in human. We demonstrated that MMC can induce PVOD in rats, which currently represents the sole animal model that recapitulates human PVOD lesions. Using the EdU assay, we demonstrated that MMC-exposed lungs displayed areas of exuberant microvascular endothelial cell proliferation which mimics pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, one of the pathologic hallmarks of human PVOD. In vivo pulmonary cell proliferation measurement represents an interesting methodology to investigate the potential efficacy of therapies aimed at normalizing pathologic angioproliferation.

BACKGROUND: Aortic dissection involving a right-sided aortic arch (RAA) associated with Kommerell\'s diverticulum is extremely rare and remains a complicated entity for surgical therapy because of its anatomical characteristics. Fewer than 40 cases have been reported in the English language literature to date.
METHODS: We reported a case of 69-year-old male patient who presented with acute type B aortic dissection involving an RAA associated with Kommerell\'s diverticulum, a stent-graft was accurately deployed and embolization of the left subclavian artery. In addition, a review of the literature was performed to examine its clinical presentation and the efficacy of management strategies.
RESULTS: One year follow-up showed positive aortic remodeling with exclusion of Kommerell\'s diverticulum and thrombosis of the false lumen.
CONCLUSIONS: An aortic dissection involving an RAA associated with Kommerell\'s diverticulum is an extremely rare condition. Endovascular therapy is technically feasible when the dissection involves this unusual vascular malformation.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the effect of stent alone treatment for small intracranial aneurysms that were not amenable to coil embolization without prior stent reconstruction.
METHODS: This case series was conducted in the neurosurgical service at a tertiary care hospital in Denver, Colorado. Nine patients were electively treated for intracranial aneurysms. All patients had a single low porosity stent reconstruction device placed across the neck of a small intracranial aneurysm. The main outcome measures were changes in aneurysm size and parent vessel morphology during follow-up.
RESULTS: Nine patients underwent stent alone treatment for unruptured intracranial aneurysms. The mean follow-up period was 9.6 months (range 6-17 months). There were no cases of periprocedural morbidity or aneurysm rupture during follow-up. All aneurysms decreased in size, and 3 of 9 aneurysms were gone at follow-up. In addition, at follow-up all parent vessels demonstrated straightening about the aneurysm site.
CONCLUSIONS: Beneficial remodeling with a decrease in the size of small intracranial aneurysms may be seen after treatment with a single stent alone, particularly if the aneurysm arises at an arterial bend or bifurcation. This phenomenon may be related to a degree of straightening of the parent artery, improving hemodynamic conditions about the aneurysm site.

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