Value chains

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    全球畜牧业价值链日益二元化,综合市场领导者与相对弱势的小生产者共存,然而,支持农村生计和粮食获取,也可以为更有弹性的供应链做出贡献。南非肉鸡价值链提供了一个极具说明性的案例研究。这项研究的目的是确定政策干预的潜在杠杆点,以支持南非肉鸡价值链中的小型和新兴生产者,并讨论促进包容性食品价值链的系统动力学方法的优势和局限性。本研究基于半结构化的利益相关者访谈和政策文件开发了因果循环图(CLD)。主要挑战,系统识别关键变量及其之间的因果关系。变量被编码,广义和图形表示,并映射干预的入口点及其与现有政策的链接。在我们的研究背景下,小农面临的挑战可以被表征,使用CLD,作为一套相互关联和加强的动力,使现有的劣势永存,并加强价值链中的二元性。已经确定了关键的政策切入点,可以由协调的一揽子政策作为目标,包括:通过赠款直接支持基础设施投资和投入获取,补贴或其他政策;为日常费用提供信贷和流动性;为投入和产出建立汇总机制;直接针对农民与商业部门的关系的法规或举措,以改善对日龄小鸡的获取,最后,业务和技术技能培训。尽管这些干预措施中的大多数已经在某个时候得到了解决,实施已经支离破碎,没有充分考虑它们的互补性,从而破坏有效性。建立共识和利益攸关方参与系统动力学研究的现有方法在参与与小农促进和公平粮食系统相关的复杂政策进程和利益冲突问题时可能会带来挑战,但是有很有希望的解决途径。尽管存在一些方法上的挑战,我们发现,系统动力学方法有相当大的空间来为小农促进政策提供信息,即使是在以复杂的政策过程为特征的环境中。
    Livestock value chains globally are increasingly dualistic, with integrated market-leaders co-existing with comparatively disadvantaged small producers who, nevertheless, support rural livelihoods and food access, and can also contribute to more resilient supply chains. The South African broiler value chain provides a highly illustrative case study. The purpose of this study is to identify potential leverage points for policy intervention to support small and emerging producers in the South African broiler value chain, and to discuss the strengths and limitations of system dynamics approaches to promote inclusive food value chains. This study develops a causal loop diagram (CLD) based on semi-structured stakeholder interviews and policy documents. The main challenges, key variables and causal relationships between them are systematically identified. Variables are coded, generalised and graphically represented, and entry points for intervention and their links to existing policies are mapped. The challenges faced by smallholders in the context of our study can be characterised, using a CLD, as a set of interlinked and reinforcing dynamics which perpetuate existing disadvantages and reinforce duality in the value chain. Key policy entry points have been identified that could be targeted by a coordinated policy package, including: Direct support for infrastructure investment and input access through grants, subsidies or other policies; credit and liquidity provision for day-to-day expenses; creation of aggregation mechanisms for both inputs and outputs; regulations or initiatives that directly target the relationship of farmers with the commercial segment to improve access to day-old-chicks and, finally, training in business and technical skills. Although most of these interventions have been addressed at some point, implementation has been fragmented, failing to fully consider their complementary nature, thus undermining effectiveness. Existing approaches to consensus building and stakeholder participation in system dynamics research can present challenges when it comes to engaging with complex policy processes and issues of conflict of interest that are relevant in the context of smallholder promotion and equitable food systems, but there are promising avenues for addressing. Despite some methodological challenges, we find that there is considerable scope for system dynamics approaches to inform policy for smallholder promotion, even in contexts characterised by complex policy processes.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    微量营养素缺乏是一项相关的全球挑战,影响数十亿人,并对健康产生有害影响。大规模食品强化(LSFF)是解决微量营养素缺乏和改善健康结果的一种经济有效的方法。特别是在低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)。然而,LSFF在低收入和低收入国家的成功往往受到私营部门对设防任务遵守有限的阻碍,提供强化食品的人。在本文中,我们使用孟加拉国生产的食用油的案例研究来分析促进和阻碍营利性行为者合规的因素。我们确定了四个瓶颈,这些瓶颈阻碍了私营部门行为者的遵守决定。首先,强化和非强化产品在市场上共存,激励生产者投资防御工事。第二,缺乏可追溯性降低了大型生产商不遵守法规的风险。第三,小规模生产者面临的经济压力阻止他们充分强化石油产品。最后,执法目前不一致,允许在市场上供应强化不足的石油。鉴于证据,我们建议通过在生产层面更频繁和严格的监督来加强对散装物品强化的控制。这将确保资源受限的消费者也有最大的潜力从添加的营养素中受益,仍然能够获得负担得起的营养丰富的食物。
    Micronutrient deficiency is a pertinent global challenge that affects billions of people and has deleterious health effects. Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) is a cost- effective way to tackle micronutrient deficiency and improve health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the success of LSFF in LMICs is often hampered by limited compliance with fortification mandates by the private sector, who supply fortified foods. In this paper, we use a case study of the edible oil produced in Bangladesh to analyze the factors facilitating and impeding this compliance by for-profit actors. We identified four bottlenecks that disincentivize private sector actors\' decision to comply. First, fortified and non-fortified products co-exist in the market, disincentivizing producers to invest in fortification. Second, the lack of traceability reduces the risk for large-scale producers\' non-compliance with the regulation. Third, small-scale producers face economic pressures that prevent them from adequately fortifying oil products. Lastly, law enforcement is currently inconsistent, allowing the supply of under-fortified oil in the market. Given the evidence, we recommend to strengthen the control of bulk item fortification through more frequent and rigorous surveillance at the production level. This will ensure that resource constrained consumers who also have the greatest potential to benefit from added nutrients, remain able to access affordable and nutrient-enriched food.
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