主导食物系统是从生产主义范式配置的,专注于生产大量廉价和标准化的食品。尽管这些粮食系统继续得到全世界的支持,它们不再被认为适合用途,因为它们在环境和社会方面被证明是不可持续的。大量科学文献认为,需要从占主导地位的粮食系统过渡到围绕可持续生产和农村发展的更广泛原则建立的替代系统。促进这种可持续性过渡将受益于对食品系统类型的诊断,以确定那些可能具有向可持续食品系统过渡的有希望的特征的系统。虽然关于食物系统转变的研究很多,仍然缺乏从系统角度描述食物系统多样性的操作方法。在本文中,我们回顾了有关如何向可持续粮食系统过渡的文献,并提出了基于社会技术过渡的多层次视角的框架。它建立在社会科学和自然科学学科的概念发展基础上。该框架的目标是:(i)根据一组结构特征,在一定的地理范围内表征现有粮食系统的多样性;(ii)根据主流实践的支持对粮食系统进行分类,即,与政权相关的主导食物系统;从根本上偏离它们,利基食品系统,如基于基层创新的系统;或分享主导和利基食品系统的要素,即,混合食物系统。给出了我们的框架在以生产为重点的蔬菜食品系统中的应用示例,分布,以及在智利消费低农药或无农药蔬菜。利用这个说明性的例子,我们反思了有用性,缺点,以及进一步开发和使用诊断框架。
Dominant food systems are configured from the productivist paradigm, which focuses on producing large amounts of inexpensive and standardized foods. Although these food systems continue being supported worldwide, they are no longer considered fit-for-purpose as they have been proven unsustainable in environmental and social terms. A large body of scientific literature argues that a transition from the dominant food systems to alternative ones built around the wider principles of sustainable production and rural development is needed. Promoting such a sustainability transition would benefit from a diagnosis of food system types to identify those systems that may harbor promising characteristics for a transition to sustainable food systems. While research on food system transitions abounds, an operational approach to characterize the diversity of food systems taking a system perspective is still lacking. In this paper we
review the literature on how transitions to sustainable food systems may play out and present a framework based on the Multi-Level Perspective on Socio-Technical Transitions, which builds upon conceptual developments from social and natural science disciplines. The objectives of the framework are to (i) characterize the diversity of existing food systems at a certain geographical scale based on a set of structural characteristics and (ii) classify the food systems in terms of their support by mainstream practices, i.e., dominant food systems connected to regimes; deviate radically from them, niche food systems such as those based on grassroots innovation; or share elements of dominant and niche food systems, i.e., hybrid food systems. An example is given of application of our framework to vegetable food systems with a focus on production, distribution, and consumption of low-or-no pesticide vegetables in Chile. Drawing on this illustrative example we reflect on usefulness, shortcomings, and further development and use of the diagnostic framework.