本评论的重点是在与注意力相关的范式和典型发育儿童(TDC)的实验任务的系统框架下,在大脑电活动中索引的注意力的发展。该框架是根据这些模型通常使用的注意力研究和实验任务的过滤器和选择性集合范例进行组织的。综述的第一部分讨论了TDC事件相关电位(ERP)的年龄变异变化。年龄独立地和不同地影响各种注意力相关成分的参数(延迟和幅度)。变化主要是以延迟减少的形式,表明老化提高了注意力处理的速度和效率。高任务难度和认知负荷导致TDC从早期选择转变,这涉及到感知分析,延迟选择,这涉及目标检测。综述的第二部分讨论了注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的注意处理。相对于TDC,ADHD的ERP差异主要表现在分量振幅上,通常根据任务难度和认知负荷而变化。文献允许回顾ADHD儿童与年龄匹配的TDC之间的差异,不仅包括ERP,而且还包括静息脑电图(EEG)和事件相关振荡(ERO)。儿童多动症和TDC之间的一些差异是在数量上和成熟滞后的形式,而其他人则是定性的,以成熟偏差的形式出现。早期伽马带反应(GBR)似乎是ADHD的重要生物标志物。匹配和利用模型,描述了早期GBR在自下而上和自上而下的注意力过程中所扮演的普遍角色,适用于ADHD。本综述的综合方法揭示了相关文献中的空白,并为未来的研究提供了方向,通过这些方向可以全面了解ADHD。
The present
review focuses on the development of attention as indexed in the electrical activity of the brain under a systematic framework of attention-related paradigms and experimental tasks in typically developing children (TDC). The framework is organized according to the filter and selective-set paradigms of attention research and experimental tasks that these models commonly use. The first part of the
review discusses age-variant changes in the event-related potentials (ERPs) of TDC. Age affects the parameters of the various attention-related components (latencies and amplitudes) independently and differentially. The changes are mainly in the form of decreasing latencies, showing that aging increases the speed and efficiency of attentional processing. High task difficulty and cognitive load produce a shift in TDC from early selection, which involves a perceptual analysis, to late selection, which involves target detection. The second part of the
review discusses attentional processing in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Relative to TDC, ERP differences in ADHD are mainly represented in component amplitudes, which normally vary according to task difficulty and cognitive load. The literature permits a
review of the differences between children with ADHD and age-matched TDC in not only ERPs but also in resting electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related oscillations (EROs). Some of the differences between children with ADHD and TDC are quantitative and in the form of maturational lag, while others are qualitative and in the form of maturational deviance. The early gamma-band response (GBR) appears to be a significant biomarker of ADHD. The match-and-utilization model, which delineates the pervasive role that early GBR plays in the bottom-up and top-down processes of attention, applies to ADHD. The integrative approach of the present
review reveals the gaps in the relevant literature and suggests directions for future studies by way of which a comprehensive understanding of ADHD may be possible.