Sex chromosomes have evolved in many plant species with separate sexes. Current plant research is shifting from examining the structure of sex chromosomes to exploring their functional aspects. New studies are progressively unveiling the specific genetic and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for shaping distinct sexes in plants. While the fundamental methods of molecular biology and genomics are generally employed for the analysis of sex chromosomes, it is often necessary to modify classical procedures not only to simplify and expedite analyses but sometimes to make them possible at all. In this review, we demonstrate how, at the level of structural and functional genetics, cytogenetics, and bioinformatics, it is essential to adapt established procedures for sex chromosome analysis.

Tenacibaculosis is an ulcerative skin disorder that affects finfish. It is caused by members of the genus Tenacibaculum, resulting in eccentric behavioural changes, including anorexia, lethargy, and abnormal swimming patterns that often result in mortality. Currently, species suspected of causing fish mortality include T. ovolyticum, T. gallaicum, T. discolor, T. finnmarkense, T. mesophilum, T. soleae, T. dicentrarchi, and T. maritimum. However, pathogenic members and the mechanisms involved in disease causation, progression, and transmission are limited due to the inadequate sequencing efforts in the past decade. In this study, we use a comparative genomics approach to investigate the characteristic features of 26 publicly available genomes of Tenacibaculum and report our observations. We propose the reclassification of \"T. litoreum HSC 22\" to the singaporense species and assignment of \"T. sp. 4G03\" to the species discolor (species with quotation marks have not been appropriately named). We also report the co-occurrence of several antimicrobial resistance/virulence genes and genes private to a few members. Finally, we mine several non-B DNA forming regions, operons, tandem repeats, high-confidence putative effector proteins, and sortase that might play a pivotal role in bacterial evolution, transcription, and pathogenesis.

The variable surface proteins expressed by P. falciparum and P. vivax are transported to the surface of infected erythrocyte and are exposed to the host immune system. The possibility of using variable surface proteins as a common drug target has been analyzed in both the Plasmodium species. Sequence analysis of variable surface proteins showed a low-level conservation within as well as between the species. Amino acid composition analysis revealed higher frequency of hydrophilic amino acids as compared with that of hydrophobic residues. In order to gain more insight into their diverse functional role, the three-dimensional structure was predicted using comparative modeling approach. These models were evaluated and validated by checking stereochemistry of underlying amino acids. Structural alignment of variable surface proteins by superimposing them shows less conservation. Due to differences at sequence as well as structural level, the variable surface proteins are expected to show difference in their degree of invasiveness. These differences were also cross-examined by evolutionary study, and the results obtained were in accordance with the aforesaid study. The existence of structural differences noticed in the present study showed that the variable surface proteins could not be used as a common drug target in both the malarial species. Therefore, species-specific strategy may be followed for drug targeting against variable surface proteins of P. falciparum and P. vivax.

In order to investigate the association between length variation of the CD209L neck region and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 susceptibility, disease progression, and treatment response outcomes, we genotyped 139 HIV-1-seropositive and 109 seronegative individuals. The heterozygous genotype 6/5 showed a significant increased risk of HIV-1 infection (OR 3.03, 95% CI 0.99-9.33, p 0.046). Moreover, after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1-seropositive individuals carrying the 6/5, 7/5 and 7/7 genotypes and alleles 5, 6 and 7 showed good CD4(+) T-cell recovery. In addition, individuals with the 7/5, 6/6 and 7/7 genotypes showed a significant decrease in viral load during the treatment period as compared with baseline (p < 0.05). Interestingly, we found that alleles 4 and 6 were associated with protection against AIDS progression. D209L variation may influence susceptibility to HIV-1, response to treatment, and disease progression.