Condylar osteomyelitis is a long-standing infection of the condylar head of the mandible. The chronic progression of this disease can lead to the destruction of surrounding bony structures and can ultimately affect function. Currently, in English Literature, there have been few cases published on condylar osteomyelitis. Interestingly, regardless of proximity, there have only been two other reported cases of condylar osteomyelitis subsequent to extractions of the upper maxillary third molar. We report a case of a 27-year-old female who presented with an acute episode of condylar osteomyelitis after a simple extraction of an upper left third molar. Several courses of antibiotics did not alleviate her severe trismus, paresthesia, or extensive preauricular collection. Three surgical interventions showed negative growth on numerous swabs. However, CT scans and an MRI confirmed extensive osteomyelitis along the left head, neck, and the angle of the mandible. Following inpatient IV antibiotics, the patient was discharged with a PICC line to allow for long-term treatment. An improvement in function, pain, and swelling was seen on discharge. However, due to the nature of this disease she was monitored for 2 years and due to joint collapse has been listed for alloplastic replacement.

Condylar displacement and remodelling are phenomena closely related to orthognathic surgery and critically involved in occlusal and skeletal stability. The aim of the present case report is to describe over time condylar displacement and surface remodelling after bilateral split sagittal osteotomy (BSSO) in an adult patient with severe class II skeletal malocclusion treated with ortho-surgical approach. A male of 21years comes to our observation. The extraoral examination shows a symmetrical square-shaped face, a convex profile, an acute nasolabial angle and a deep labiomental fold. Intraoral examination reveals a class II division 2 with a 2mm deviation of the mandibular midline to the left and the presence of a scissor bite of the bicuspids between quadrants II and III. The Spee curve and overbite are extremely accentuated (OV 14.3mm) as the overjet (11.1mm). Axiographic reconstructions of CBCT show a normal shape and position of both condyles. The cephalometric analysis shows a reduced lower facial height, a normal upper jaw position, a mandibular underdevelopment masked by a very developed symphysis and an extremely low divergence (FMA 11.2°). BSSO for mandibular setback was performed in the 13th month of orthodontic therapy. Original CBCT data before surgery (T0), at the end of treatment (T1), 2years postoperatively (T2) and 5years postoperatively (T3) were collected and reconstructed for 3-dimensional (3D) qualitative analyse. At the end of the surgical-orthodontic treatment (26months), good function and good aesthetics were achieved. The qualitative and comparative analysis of the superimpositions and the cuts made on the CBCT at T0, T1, T2, T3 showed a physiological remodelling and adaptation of the condyles.

UNASSIGNED: Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is characterized by the formation of multiple nodules of cartilage with varying sizes due to metaplastic development of the synovial membrane. Aetiology revolves with primary lesion, and pathogenesis is still unknown with multiple factors, which includes low-grade trauma or internal derangement. This condition remains undiagnosed and leads to therapeutic challenges from clinical manifestations which are non-specific and needs various tools to diagnose with combination of radiologic and histopathological examination.
UNASSIGNED: We report a case series of five cases which were diagnosed as cases of TMD of the temporomandibular joint. Diagnostic arthroscopy including lysis and lavage with Ringers lactate, hyaluronic acid was carried out. Intra-operative findings were suggestive of synovial chondromatosis. Sample taken for histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis of TMJ. Postoperative status of mouth opening and pain was assessed at 15 days, one month, 3 months, 6 months and one year during the review to evaluate the success of arthroscopy of TMJ.
UNASSIGNED: All patients reported success with the modality of arthroscopy lysis and lavage at 12 months of follow-up with improvement at every follow-up visit in terms of range of motion and reduction of pain score on VAS. Hence, arthroscopy with lysis and lavage came out to be a promising alternative for open joint surgery in cases of synovial chondromatosis of the TMJ with same outcomes in relieving patients who complain of reduced maximum inter-incisal opening and pain.
UNASSIGNED: Thus, arthroscopic procedures can be considered an alternative and effective modality for successful management of cases of synovial chondromatosis of temporomandibular joint.

In this case report we describe a rare case of chondrosarcoma of the Temporomandibular joint in a 70 years old female who presented with a right preauricular swelling, trismus and neuralgic pain. On examination, firm and tender swelling was noted in the right preauricular region. CT Scan revealed 3.48 × 3.0 cm size mass lesion in the region of mandibular condyle and extending into the right temporomandibular joint space. The cytopathological report was suggestive of chondroid malignancy. The tumor was excised and histopathological examination showed large sheets of atypical tumor cells with cartilaginous matrix and diagnosis of a well differentiated Chondrosarcoma was confirmed. Post-surgical resection, patient remains disease free at 15 months follow up.

Central giant cell granulomas (CGCG) are not common in the mandibular condyle. In teenagers, the problem is more complex because of difficulties in diagnosis and treatment involving the potential growth of the mandibular process and development of the face. In this short communication a case is presented of an eleven-year-old female under diagnosis of central giant cell granuloma affecting the mandibular condyle treated surgically in two steps using a condylectomy and vertical ramus osteotomy at the first time and later orthognathic surgery, showing the clinical evolution after 13 years of follow-up. In addition, we performed a review of the scientific reports related to CGCG in the mandibular condyle to compare this treatment with others, in terms of follow-up and results. We concluded that the CGCG affecting the mandibular head can be properly treated with low condilectomy, vertical mandibular ramus sliding osteotomy, and discopexy.

Performing a surgical treatment for TMJ dislocation combined with pneumatized articular eminence is a technical challenge for the surgeon, as this condition has a low population frequency. This article aimed to present one case of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation treated by eminoplasty with miniplates in a patient affected by bilateral pneumatized articular eminence. After 15 months of follow-up, the patient presented approximately 43 mm of interincisal distance. The miniplates remained in position with no fracture signs, and there was satisfactory clinical evolution with no more dislocation episodes. Eminoplasty with miniplates for the treatment of temporomandibular joint dislocation has been shown to be effective in a patient affected by bilateral pneumatized articular eminence. Although, more time is needed to evaluate long-term effectiveness.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and discuss the long-term outcomes of patients with condylar osteochondroma managed through 3 different surgical techniques. Seven patients with condylar osteochondroma treated in the author\'s department from May 2012 to January 2019 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical evaluations (visual analogue scale for TMJ pain, jaw function, symmetry, and quality of life), maximum interincisal opening (MIO) and radiological findings were collected pre- and postoperatively. Other parameters assessed included tumour size and location; complications and follow-up. Radical condylectomy with immediate total joint alloplastic reconstruction was performed in 4 patients, local excision in 2 patients and low condylectomy with concomitant orthognathic surgery in 1 patient. During an average follow-up period of 40,8 months no clinical or radiographic signs of recurrence were found. Average MIO increased from 25,5mm to 39,5mm at the longest follow up, and all clinical evaluations were greatly improved. In conclusion, the described surgical techniques appear valuable in the treatment of condylar osteochondroma. Local excision is indicated in tumor involving less than half the surface of the condylar head; radical condylectomy with immediate alloplastic total joint reconstruction is indicated in gigantic lesion compromising the anatomical components and function of the joint. Orthognathic surgery procedures should be combined with tumor resection when correction of associated dentofacial deformities is indicated.

UNASSIGNED: The article presents a rare case of acute malocclusion produced by a unilateral partial tear of the lateral pterygoid muscle and an up-to-date literature review of the pathology.
UNASSIGNED: A 37-year-old female was examined; her chief complaints were pain on the right side of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area and mastication impairment associated with major occlusal modifications and anterior open bite. After magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the TMJ and subsequent MRI for soft tissue, the final diagnosis was a partial right lateral pterygoid muscle tear.
UNASSIGNED: The case shows the value of combined imaging in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and the importance of soft tissue evaluation in addition to articular examination, as the primary pathology might lie outside the joint. The authors\' review of the current literature did not hitherto reveal a similar case.

UNASSIGNED: The computer-guided approach for the patient-specific TMJ replacement is considered an ultimate reliable option in advanced cases. However, dislocation of the condylar head could happen with the concave fossa design. A flat design was described and used in this case.
METHODS: A 15 years old male patient with mandibular asymmetry and class IV recurrent ankylosis of the right TMJ received a patient-specific artificial joint with computer-guided gap arthroplasty and orthognathic corrective mandibular surgery for the left side. The fossa component was made entirely flat, and the patient was followed up over the next year.
UNASSIGNED: Customized TMJ prosthetic solutions are reliable in advanced cases, especially when facial corrections are indicated; however, the commonly used concave design showed reported dislocations requiring some design modifications as proposed in the presented case.
CONCLUSIONS: The flat fossa design of the artificial TMJ secures the same results as the anatomical fossa design without the incidence of dislocation.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign proliferative disorder of the synovium that usually involves joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae. It presents rarely, however, in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). This paper reports a 59-year-old female patient with PVNS of the TMJ and its clinico-pathologic features are discussed. The patient was treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy (PORT). Follow-up was conducted, and there were no recurrences, metastases, skin changes or joint stiffness noted. The main treatment of PVNS is surgical resection. However, postoperative radiotherapy is important for local control of extensive tumors or positive margins. We conducted a literature review for postoperative radiotherapy case reports related to PVNS of the TMJ.