Outsourcing is an essential tool in supply management. This study examines the current outsourcing application areas of the public health sector in Türkiye. Application examples are presented, together with the prominent theories in outsourcing (Transaction Cost Economics Theory (TCE), Core Competencies Theory (CCT), Agency Theory (AT), Resource-Based View Theory (RBVT), Relational Theory (RT), and Social Change Theory (SCT), Turkish public procurement legislation, Ministry of Health outsourcing practices, and public hospitals are discussed for review and example. The examination shows that foreign dependency on the public health sector is increasing, and more than one theory is applied in some procurement processes. As a result of this study, examining and comparing which theories come to the fore in outsourcing in other countries is recommended.

This research was conducted on industrial agriculture in Indonesia. Risk analysis was carried out based on previous research. One source of risk was obtained, namely raw materials that did not meet specifications, which was then proposed to be mitigated by evaluating supplier performance. This activity involves a lot of data, requiring efficient and effective data storage and access. The level in the simulation layout includes analysing system needs, using problem diagrams, compiling activity diagrams, deciding subprocesses, and filtering information. The analysis is carried out by comparing the use of supply chains with Blockchain and without Blockchain, which is then obtained to determine whether there is an increase. A sequentially stored data scenario describes a situation when the transaction process is in progress and is stored sequentially according to the process that occurs. Storing data in groups explains a problem when a transaction has been completed and stored in groups with similar data, making it easier to track specific data. In this regard, a simulation will be carried out using a website, namely a blockchain demo. The design stage starts with identifying system requirements, creating use case diagrams, compiling activity diagrams, determining subprocesses, and selecting information. The simulation results obtained will be analysed to determine the feasibility of Blockchain as a means of supporting risk mitigation related to data using aspects, including security, trust, traceability, sustainability, and costs.

This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing CO2 emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing CO2 emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality.

For a Closed Loop Supply Chain (CLSC), disaster is a risk source of unknown-unknowns, which may result in production disruptions with significant consequences on -but not limited to-profitability. For this reason, we provide a System Dynamics (SD)-based analysis for disaster events on the operation of CLSCs in order to study the system response (production/collection/disassembly/remanufacturing/recycling rates, inventories, cost, profit). This response is examined through the dynamics at a manufacturer, parts producer, collector, and disassembly center level, by providing control mechanisms for resilient CLSCs under disaster effects. In this dynamic analysis, COVID-19 is treated as a disaster event. Five different business scenario settings are presented for the manufacturer, which are considered as alternative mitigation policies in responding to product demand. The extensive simulation results provide insights for policy-makers, which depend on the reduction in manufacturer\'s production, reduction in product demand and duration of recovery period which are considered as causal effects due to the COVID-19 outbreak. For all combinations, holding base stocks during the pre-disaster period is proposed as the best mitigation policy in terms of manufacturer\'s inventory. In terms of economic impact, holding base stocks or coordination with third party are revealed as the best choice depending on the combination, while remote inventory policy adoption as the worst choice.

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has received extensive attention by academia and industries recently. However, there are increasing yet still scarce studies measuring the social sustainability performance of supply chain and discussing the interrelationship between social and economic sustainability. Further, the measurement does not fully utilize key performance indicators (KPIs) attributing to the lack of understanding of precise quantitative gauge of the supply chain social sustainable performance. To bridge this gap, this study analyses the social and economic sustainability performance in terms of demand planning, innovation, manufacturing, finance, sales and customer relationship, distribution and delivery and compliance. A framework is proposed to locate key metrics to evaluate the social sustainable supply chain (SSC) performance. A hybrid fuzzy-AHP-DEMATEL-VIKOR method is designed to investigate the social sustainability of supply chain. Data analysis and a case study are given to validate and support the feasibility and potency of the proposed approach. The robustness of our proposed model is executed via sensitivity analysis. From the proposed framework, demand planning and distribution and delivery are found to be the most critical criteria in economic and social dimension, respectively.

Due to the destructive effects of fossil fuels on the environment, using renewable energies has nowadays been suggested. In addition, because of the increased use of solar energy and the prevention the solar cell supply chain (SCSC), this chain is mainly supported by government funding. In this study, we mathematically model both supply-side and demand-side policies for a two-echelon SCSC, considering the competition between domestic and foreign suppliers as well as government intervention under the supply-side subsidy policies to support SCSC members and finance the customers through demand-side subsidy policies. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of government intervention under the supply-side and demand-side policies on supporting the members of SCSC and encouraging customers to increase the use of solar panels. In addition, this study explores the best policy for improving and promoting SCSC. In the real world, both supply-side and demand-side policies will help industrial factories, power plants, and households to enhance the use of solar energy for producing electricity. This study has been investigated using one real example, whose results show that the efficiency under the supply-side policy is about 7% more than the efficiency under the demand-side policy. The price under the supply-side policy is roughly 10% less than the price under the demand-side policy. The members\' profit under the supply-side policy is approximately 5% bigger than the one under the demand-side policy. According to real examples, the government\'s utility under the demand-side policy is nearly 1% smaller than the government\'s utility under the supply-side policy. Finally, key findings are considered for the proposed model.

In today\'s competitive world, supply chain management is one of the fundamental issues facing businesses that affects all an organization\'s activities to produce products and provide services needed by customers. The technological revolution in supply chain logistics is experiencing a significant wave of new innovations and challenges. Despite the current fast digital technologies, customers expect the ordering and delivery process to be faster, and as a result, this has made it easier and more efficient for organizations looking to implement new technologies. \"Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT)\", which means using the Internet of Things to perform intelligent tasks with the help of artificial intelligence integration, is one of these expected innovations that can turn a complex supply chain into an integrated process. AIoT innovations such as data sensors and RFID (radio detection technology), with the power of artificial intelligence analysis, provide information to implement features such as tracking and instant alerts to improve decision making. Such data can become vital information to help improve operations and tasks. However, the same evolving technology with the presence of the Internet and the huge amount of data can pose many challenges for the supply chain and the factors involved. In this study, by conducting a literature review and interviewing experts active in FMCG industries as an available case study, the most important challenges facing the AIoT-powered supply chain were extracted. By examining these challenges using nonlinear quantitative analysis, the importance of these challenges was examined and their causal relationships were identified. The results showed that cybersecurity and a lack of proper infrastructure are the most important challenges facing the AIoT-based supply chain.

World Health Organization (WHO) states access to medicine as a priority area for universal health coverage, wherein a well-functioning medicine supply chain is indispensable. Optimization of supply chains to cut losses related to overstocking, expiration, and inefficiencies protect the investments and strengthen health systems to better deliver the health services. This article shares the experience of developing a service-driven-software for pharmaceutical supplies during emergency conditions and disasters, and the advantages gained. In 2005, Logistic Support System (LSS), the updated version of SUMA (Supply Management), was introduced by WHO during the earthquake in Pakistan which had offered valuable but limited services to many countries. Moving from ad hoc to a more organized approach, the medical donations and stockpiles of essential medicinal supplies were inventoried on LSS database for managing the dispatch of medical supplies to the disaster-hit area in a shortest possible time. Post disaster rescue and rehabilitation work further instigated the need for development of a new software, Pharmaceutical Information Management System (PIMS), that was effective in the emergency as well as routine inventory operations. It was used for efficient and improved access of medicines and faster decision making. The new systems proved vital to anticipate over/under stocking through proactive alerts and prompting. The updated information on epidemiological and drug utilization needs were crucial for the effective quantification and ordering throughout the supply chain. Implementation of PIMS demanded appreciable customization including conversion of system from stand-alone to online system with consolidation of information on stocks from all locations. Provision of multi-user option allowed facilitation according to the user authorization, and was equipped with improved-speed, efficiency, and security. PIMS was successfully replicated by the pioneer team of pharmacist from Pakistan in other countries.

Coordination of different business activities among units becomes vital as organizations pay much attention to their core activities. Thus, their fruitfulness constantly relies on their capacity to coordinate their internal and external activities in the supply chain outside their own boundaries. Giving consideration to these obvious reasons, this paper aims to investigate the determinants of supply chain coordination of milk and dairy industries. The data were collected from 330 milk suppliers, processors, and retailers in the central part of Ethiopia. The structural equation modeling has been employed to develop the structural relationship between key constructs and measured variables. In total, 15 measured variables for coordination in the supply chain have been identified. These are further grouped into four factors namely, non-price coordination, price coordination, relationships and product development decision. It has been observed that the implementation of these factors could maximize the coordination linkage among supply chain members. Thus, dairy sectors should take the identified coordination factors into account in each of their business dealings.