Background: Radiomics of salivary gland imaging can support clinical decisions in different clinical scenarios, such as tumors, radiation-induced xerostomia and sialadenitis. This review aims to evaluate the methodological quality of radiomics studies on salivary gland imaging. Material and Methods: A systematic search was performed, and the methodological quality was evaluated using the radiomics quality score (RQS). Subgroup analyses according to the first author\'s professional role (medical or not medical), journal type (radiological journal or other) and the year of publication (2021 or before) were performed. The correlation of RQS with the number of patients was calculated. Results: Twenty-three articles were included (mean RQS 11.34 ± 3.68). Most studies well-documented the imaging protocol (87%), while neither prospective validations nor cost-effectiveness analyses were performed. None of the included studies provided open-source data. A statistically significant difference in RQS according to the year of publication was found (p = 0.009), with papers published in 2021 having slightly higher RQSs than older ones. No differences according to journal type or the first author\'s professional role were demonstrated. A moderate relationship between the overall RQS and the number of patients was found. Conclusions: Radiomics application in salivary gland imaging is increasing. Although its current clinical applicability can be affected by the somewhat inadequate quality of the papers, a significant improvement in radiomics methodologies has been demonstrated in the last year.

Background: Fibromatosis is a group of benign tumors originating from connective tissues of muscle, overlying fascia, periosteum, or aponeurosis. However, they might need several excisional resections, owing to compressive effects on adjacent vital structures. Case Report: Here, we discussed a case of submandibular fibromatosis in a 3-year-old girl. She underwent a conservative surgical procedure without a wide mandible bone resection. She received no adjuvant therapy. The postoperative period was uneventful with an appropriate cosmetic and functional outcome. A 1-year follow-up revealed no recurrence. Conclusion: Fibromatosis of the head and neck in children is a rare condition, which needs a multidisciplinary agreement for its appropriate management. A complete surgical removal often leads to a proper outcome. Adjuvant therapy should also be kept in mind for recurrent lesions not candidate for surgical removal or in case of remnant tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence for pediatric sialolithiasis, including its demographic characteristics, diagnosis, and demonstrate the shift in its treatment paradigm.
METHODS: A systematic review of sources from the Medline and Embase databases was conducted from inception to Dec 4, 2020. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed quality.
METHODS: Patients under the age of 18 with sialolithiasis were included.
METHODS: Study design, cohort size, age, sex, symptoms, stone characteristics, diagnostic modality and intervention were collected data points.
RESULTS: Forty-one studies with 243 patients were included in the review, of which 40 were case reports or series. Most stones were found in the submandibular gland (n = 210, 85.4%) and were single stones (n = 101, 71.1%). Average stone size was 7.7 mm. The most common diagnostic imaging modality used was ultrasound (n = 73, 47.4%), shifting from plain radiograph which was favoured in earlier years. Similarly, open gland excision was historically preferred, but since 2000, sialoendoscopy comprised 40.5% of all treatment modalities and continues to increase in prevalence, up to 52.1% by 2020. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was associated with the highest complication rate of 54.2%.
CONCLUSIONS: The pediatric sialolithiasis diagnostic and therapeutic landscape has changed with ultrasound replacing plain radiographs, and sialoendoscopy replacing submandibular gland excision. Further high-level quality evidence research is required to refine the indications, effectiveness, and safety of sialoendoscopy in pediatric sialolithiasis.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key arms of immune system, which act in antigen presenting processes, and are considered as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs are found in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. They are called interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) in secondary lymphoid organs. IDCs lack lineage surface markers and are positive for S-100 and vimentin. IDC sarcoma (IDCS) is a very rare neoplasm, which mainly affects lymph nodes, though there are reports of extra-nodal involvement. IDCS is thought to have poor prognosis. Although there is no consensus on the treatment modalities, such options as radical surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are performed depending on severity and site of the lesion. In this study, we present a case of IDCS in a 53-year-old male with a history of several skin lesions and prior diagnoses of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and metatypical carcinoma (MTC).

Ludwig\'s angina is a potentially deadly condition that must not be missed in the emergency department (ED).
The purpose of this narrative review article is to provide a summary of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Ludwig\'s angina with a focus on emergency clinicians.
Ludwig\'s angina is a rapidly spreading infection that involves the floor of the mouth. It occurs more commonly in those with poor dentition or immunosuppression. Patients may have a woody or indurated floor of the mouth with submandibular swelling. Trismus is a late finding. Computed tomography of the neck soft tissue with contrast is preferred if the patient is able to safely leave the ED and can tolerate lying supine. Point-of-care ultrasound can be a useful adjunct, particularly in those who cannot tolerate lying supine. Due to the threat of rapid airway compromise, emergent consultation to anesthesia and otolaryngology, if available, may be helpful if a definitive airway is required. The first line approach for airway intervention in the ED is flexible intubating endoscopy with preparation for a surgical airway. Broad spectrum antibiotics and surgical source control are keys in treating the infection. These patients should then be admitted to the intensive care unit for close airway observation.
Ludwig\'s angina is a life-threatening condition that all emergency clinicians need to consider. It is important for clinicians to be aware of the current evidence regarding the diagnosis, management, and disposition of these patients.

UNASSIGNED: Dermoid cyst is a benign congenital lesion of ectodermal origin. They are commonly found throughout the body but rare in the oral cavity. It is a developmental lesion and usually due to retention of germinal epithelium during growth of brachial arches and lower jaw. It is commonly present in the sublingual region as a swelling in the middle of the mouth. It presents as a slow growing mass, causing elevation of the tongue and interference with speech and swallowing.
UNASSIGNED: To determine the epidemiology, presentation, co-morbidities and treatment of sublingual dermoid cyst in our Centre.
UNASSIGNED: This is a retrospective review of all patients with sublingual dermoid cyst managed over a period of eight years from January 2010 to December 2017. Information was extracted from case files of patients. Data collected included: age of patient at presentation, sex, location of cyst, co-morbidities, treatment giving, findings and histological diagnosis. Only patients with a histological diagnosis of dermoid cyst were included in the study.
UNASSIGNED: Fourteen cases were included in this study. Eight were males (57.1%) and six (42.9%) females. Male to female ratio is 1.3:1. Age range is from Day 1 to 25years. Five were congenital sublingual dermoid cyst in newborn, one was attached to the tongue ventral surface, two were bulging from the submandibular and submental spaces in adults. The remaining six cases were limited to the floor of the mouth.
UNASSIGNED: Sublingual dermoid cyst could interfere with swallowing and speech, this affects patient nutrition and breathing. Therefore, surgical excision of the cyst should be done promptly.

Blood sampling is often performed in laboratory mice. Sampling techniques have the potential to cause pain, distress and impact on lifetime cumulative experience. In spite of institutions commonly providing guidance to researchers on these methods, and the existence of published guidelines, no systematic evaluation of the evidence on this topic exists. A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed, identifying 27 studies on the impact of recovery blood sample techniques on mouse welfare and sample quality. Studies were appraised for quality using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool. In spite of an acceptable number of studies being located, few studies examined the same pairwise comparisons. Additionally, there was considerable heterogeneity in study design and outcomes, with many studies being at a high risk of bias. Consequently, results were synthesised using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting guidelines. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was utilised for assessment of certainty in the evidence. Due to the heterogeneity and GRADE findings, it was concluded that there was not enough high-quality evidence to make any recommendations on the optimal method of blood sampling. Future high-quality studies, with standardised outcome measures and large sample sizes, are required.

BACKGROUND: The submandibular space is part of the deep neck fascial spaces. Infection within these spaces can cause significant mortality and morbidity.
METHODS: The study is a review of the microbiology of the submandibular space infections seen at the tertiary academic referral hospitals, University of the Witwatersrand. The period of the study is from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2006. Ninety-three patients were reviewed of which 52 had aspirates taken. The predominant microorganisms were the gram-positive anaerobic cocci. A literature search for this category of infection was also conducted.
CONCLUSIONS: The most commonly isolated microorganisms were the gram-positive cocci.

A 16-year-old male patient reported with swelling of the right submandibular region for 3 months. The patient was asymptomatic and gave a history of fever lasting for 2 days before observing the swelling. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed nonspecific lymphadenitis, and since there was no apparent cause detected in the oral cavity or any systemic condition noted, the enlarged lymph node was surgically excised and submitted for histopathologic examination. The inflammatory condition and large numbers of macrophages appeared nonspecific while granuloma formation was not seen. Specific antibody titer against Toxoplasma gondii was carried out and extremely high level of IgG for toxoplasma was detected confirming the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis leading to lymphadenitis.

Major and minor salivary gland malignancies come in various shapes and sizes. They can present as palpable masses or can be detected incidentally when imaging patients for other indications. A complete evaluation of salivary gland malignancies requires knowledge of the anatomy and various routes of spread of neoplasias. Computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging are complementary tools in this respect and offer useful information to the proceduralist. Advanced imaging (diffusion-weighted imaging and PET-CT) and other modalities (eg, ultrasound) help with characterization, although biopsy or excision is often needed for definitive tissue diagnosis.