脂肽是表面活性的,细菌的天然产物,真菌和蓝藻的起源,具有不同的结构和功能。以此类推,许多化学合成技术产生了具有理想特征和功能的新设计脂肽。脂肽是自组装引导的,具有在纳米结构表面高密度呈现功能性表位的能力的超分子化合物。此功能有助于其在多个行业领域的成功应用,包括食物,饲料,个人护理,和药剂学。在这次全面审查中,与更常见的非核糖体脂肽一起引入了新的核糖体合成脂肽类。我们重点介绍了研究最多以及最近描述的脂肽家族的关键代表,强调结构特征,自组装和相关功能。常见的生物,脂肽的化学和混合生产路线,包括突出的类似物和衍生物也进行了讨论。此外,旨在提高脂肽产量的基因工程策略,总结和举例说明了多样性和生物活性。关于申请,这项工作主要详细介绍了脂肽在个人护理和化妆品行业作为清洁剂的潜力,保湿剂,抗衰老/抗皱,皮肤美白和防腐剂以及制药行业作为抗菌剂,疫苗,免疫疗法,和抗癌药物。鉴于本评论涉及人类应用,我们总结了脂肽制剂的安全性及其可持续生产的主题。
Lipopeptides are surface active, natural products of bacteria, fungi and green-blue algae origin, having diverse structures and functionalities. In analogy, a number of chemical synthesis techniques generated new designer lipopeptides with desirable features and functions. Lipopetides are self-assembly guided, supramolecular compounds which have the capacity of high-density presentation of the functional epitopes at the surface of the nanostructures. This feature contributes to their successful application in several industry sectors, including food, feed, personal care, and pharmaceutics. In this comprehensive
review, the novel class of ribosomally synthesized lipopeptides is introduced alongside the more commonly occuring non-ribosomal lipopeptides. We highlight key representatives of the most researched as well as recently described lipopeptide families, with emphasis on structural features, self-assembly and associated functions. The common biological, chemical and hybrid production routes of lipopeptides, including prominent analogues and derivatives are also discussed. Furthermore, genetic engineering strategies aimed at increasing lipopeptide yields, diversity and biological activity are summarized and exemplified. With respect to application, this work mainly details the potential of lipopeptides in personal care and cosmetics industry as cleansing agents, moisturizer, anti-aging/anti-wrinkling, skin whitening and preservative agents as well as the pharmaceutical industry as anitimicrobial agents, vaccines, immunotherapy, and cancer drugs. Given that this
review addresses human applications, we conclude on the topic of safety of lipopeptide formulations and their sustainable production.