UNASSIGNED: Growth mindset and self-control, both recognized as pivotal qualities with significant impacts on personal success, possess respective robust predictive power for academic achievement and broader life outcomes. However, the bidirectional relationship between them remains largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate whether growth mindset, conceptualized as the belief that abilities can be developed through effort and support, prospectively predicts the development of self-control over time. Additionally, it endeavors to explore whether self-control, a crucial positive psychological trait, exerts an influence on the fostering of growth mindset. In summary, our research focuses on elucidating the bidirectional relationship between growth mindset and self-control among Chinese primary school students.
UNASSIGNED: The current research recruited a sample of 428 primary school students, aged 9-12, from China (214 females, mean age = 9.64 ± 1.21) to participate in a longitudinal study. Participants underwent two follow-up assessments of growth mindset and self-control over a six-month period.
UNASSIGNED: The correlation analysis revealed significant associations between growth mindset at T1 and self-control at T2, as well as between self-control at T1 and growth mindset at T2(r = 0.23 to 0.25, ps < 0.01). Cross-lagged analysis found that growth mindset at T1 positively predicted self-control at T2 (β = 0.11, p = 0.04), while self-control at T1 did not significantly predict growth mindset at T2.
UNASSIGNED: The results suggest that growth mindset exerts a direct impact on self-control among primary school students. This finding extends the scope of research concerning growth mindset and provides important theoretical inspiration and practical guidance for educators, parents and counselling professionals in assisting students to enhance self-control.

BACKGROUND: While game-based learning has demonstrated positive outcomes for some learners, its efficacy remains variable. Adaptive scaffolding may improve performance and self-regulation during training by optimizing cognitive load. Informed by cognitive load theory, this study investigates whether adaptive scaffolding based on interaction trace data influences learning performance, self-regulation, cognitive load, test performance, and engagement in a medical emergency game.
METHODS: Sixty-two medical students from three Dutch universities played six game scenarios. They received either adaptive or nonadaptive scaffolding in a randomized double-blinded matched pairs yoked control design. During gameplay, we measured learning performance (accuracy, speed, systematicity), self-regulation (self-monitoring, help-seeking), and cognitive load. Test performance was assessed in a live scenario assessment at 2- and 6-12-week intervals. Engagement was measured after completing all game scenarios.
RESULTS: Surprisingly, the results unveiled no discernible differences between the groups experiencing adaptive and nonadaptive scaffolding. This finding is attributed to the unexpected alignment between the nonadaptive scaffolding and the needs of the participants in 64.9% of the scenarios, resulting in coincidentally tailored scaffolding. Exploratory analyses suggest that, compared to nontailored scaffolding, tailored scaffolding improved speed, reduced self-regulation, and lowered cognitive load. No differences in test performance or engagement were found.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest adaptive scaffolding may enhance learning by optimizing cognitive load. These findings underscore the potential of adaptive scaffolding within GBL environments, cultivating a more tailored and effective learning experience. To leverage this potential effectively, researchers, educators, and developers are recommended to collaborate from the outset of designing adaptive GBL or computer-based simulation experiences. This collaborative approach facilitates the establishment of reliable performance indicators and enables the design of suitable, preferably real-time, scaffolding interventions. Future research should confirm the effects of adaptive scaffolding on self-regulation and learning, taking care to avoid unintended tailored scaffolding in the research design.
BACKGROUND: This study was preregistered with the Center for Open Science prior to data collection. The registry may be found at https://osf.io/7ztws/ .

BACKGROUND: Obesity causes many physical and mental illnesses. This study compares mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB-EAT) versus MB-EAT plus implementation intention model for effectiveness on body mass index (BMI), weight self-efficacy, and physical activity in obese women with BMIs ≤ 25 (n = 52).
METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, the participants were selected by the simple random sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. A 12-session MB-EAT of 150 min per session was performed for experimental group I. The experimental group II received MB-EAT alone for physical activity planning and MB-EAT plus implementation intention; also, both groups were compared to the control group. Data were measured by the scales, a questionnaire, and a checklist, and the P-values are based on the results of the generalized estimating equation (GEE) test. P < 0.001 were considered the significance level.
RESULTS: The MB-EAT and MB-EAT + implementation intention effectiveness on the two experimental groups\' BMI, weight self-efficacy, and physical activity was significantly different from the control group. In the integrated group versus the MB-EAT group, BMI, physical activity, and physical discomfort, were more effective than the weight self-efficacy subscales. Both intervention groups were effective on BMI, weight self-efficacy, and physical activity, but the integrated group\'s effectiveness was more.
CONCLUSIONS: The MB-EAT effectiveness trial is theory-based, reducing weight and the psychological and behavioral consequences of overweight and obese adults. The MB-EAT + the Implementation intention model is to plan regular and daily exercise according to each individual\'s specific circumstances.
BACKGROUND: The trial registration number: (IRCT20200919048767N1).

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between self-control and the co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity from adolescence to early adulthood in the Chinese population, and to provide a scientific basis for personalized interventions targeting individuals with different risks in the future.
METHODS: From a prospective cohort study that lasted for 10 years: The China family panel studies (CFPS), a total of 608 children and adolescents meeting the following inclusion and exclusion criteria were included as study subjects: (1) Aged 10 to 19 years, at normal weight according to Chinese standards, and without depressive symptom in 2010; (2) Had self-control scores, and with at least two measurements of depressive symptoms and body mass index (BMI) between 2010 and 2020; (3) The only one or the youngest child and adolescent from each family. The co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity was defined in three ways: Both of the average level of standardized scores of depressive symptoms and BMI Z-scores across multiple measurements over time were at a high level, or both of the trajectories of depressive symptoms and BMI over time based on the latent classification trajectory model (LCTM) belonging to the \"risk-type\", or individuals had depressive symptoms and overweight/obesity at the last follow-up survey. The multinomial Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between standardized scores of self-control and the co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity.
RESULTS: The score of self-control was associated with the co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity when using healthy individuals as the reference group after adjusting for age (years), gender (male/female), area (urban/rural), weekly physical activity duration (high/low), parental education level (college or above/high school or below), parental weight status (overweight or obese or not), and parental depressive symptoms (with depressive symptoms or not), regardless of the definition of the risk population. Specifically, the risk of co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity was reduced by 33% (95%CI: 14% to 48%, based on the average level across multiple measurements over time) to 78% (95%CI: 6% to 95%, based on the joint trajectories of depressive symptoms and BMI over time) per 1-standard deviation (1-SD) increase in self-control score. In addition, the risk of depressive-symptom-dominant and overweight-or-obesity-dominant was reduced by 25% (95%CI: 4% to 42%, only based on the average level across multiple measurements over time) and 21% (95%CI: 1% to 37%, only based on the joint trajectories of depressive symptoms and BMI over time) per 1-SD increase in self-control score, respectively. The results from sensitivity analysis that defined individuals\' weight status according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards were consistent with our main findings.
CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with higher self-control scores from adolescence to early adulthood have a lower risk of co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity, suggesting that personalized interventions for co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity can be carried out based on self-control scores in the future.

UNASSIGNED: Implementing a self-refereeing system presents a unique challenge in sports education, particularly in academic and training settings where officiated sports prevail. However, Ultimate Frisbee stands out by entrusting players with both athlete and referee roles, introducing distinctive ethical complexities. This manuscript is intended to evaluate ethical behavior and self-control within the Spirit of the Game (SOTG) scoring system in Elite Ultimate. To address these, Ultimate employs the (SOTG) scoring system, integral since the sport\'s inception in the late 1980s. SOTG aims to enhance and evaluate athletes\' ethical conduct. This study evaluates SOTG\'s effectiveness in elite-level Ultimate, analyzing variations across divisions and age groups in three high-level tournaments.
UNASSIGNED: Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from five international Ultimate tournaments in 2022. Teams spanned diverse age groups (under 17 to over 50) and divisions (women\'s, mixed, open). Post-match, teams assessed opponents\' SOTG in five domains: Rules knowledge, fouls, fairness, attitude/self-control, and communication. Ratings used a 5-point Likert scale (\"poor\" to \"excellent\"). An overall SOTG score was calculated by aggregating domain scores.
UNASSIGNED: Our study consistently revealed high SOTG scores, reflecting strong sportsmanship. \"Positive attitude and self-control\" consistently ranked highest, while \"Knowledge and use of the rules\" scored lowest. Divisional differences in SOTG were statistically insignificant. Notably, WMUCC2022 (participants aged 30+) had significantly higher SOTG scores, possibly indicating age-related self-control improvement or evolving sport culture. Lower rules knowledge scores may stem from linguistic translation challenges.
UNASSIGNED: Self-refereeing promotes ethical behavior across divisions and age groups. SOTG underscores sportsmanship\'s importance and aligns with International Olympic Committee (IOC) and with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3, 4, 5 and 16 fostering a fairer, healthier, and more peaceful world.

UNASSIGNED: We all experience occasional self-control failures (SCFs) in our daily lives, where we enact behaviors that stand in conflict with our superordinate or long-term goals. Based on the assumption that SCFs share common underlying mechanisms with addictive disorders, we tested the hypothesis that a generally higher susceptibility to daily SCFs predicts more addictive behavior, or vice versa.
UNASSIGNED: At baseline, 338 individuals (19-27 years, 59% female) from a community sample participated in multi-component assessments. These included among others (1) a clinical interview on addictive behaviors (quantity of use, frequency of use, DSM-5 criteria; n = 338) and (2) ecological momentary assessment of SCFs (n = 329, 97%). At the 3-year and 6 year follow-up, participation rates for both assessment parts were 71% (n = 240) and 50% (n = 170), respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Controlling for age, gender, IQ, and baseline addiction level, random-intercept cross-lagged panel models revealed that participants who reported more SCFs also showed pronounced addictive behavior at the between-person level, but we found no evidence of a predictive relationship at the within-person level over time.
UNASSIGNED: A higher rate of SCFs is associated with more addictive behavior, while there is no evidence of an intraindividual predictive relationship. Novel hypotheses suggested by additional exploratory results are that (1) only addiction-related SCFs in daily life are early markers of an escalation of use and thus for addictive disorders and that (2) an explicit monitoring of SCFs increases self-reflection and thereby promotes the mobilization of cognitive control in response to goal-desire conflicts.

OBJECTIVE: Providing continuous self-care support to the growing diabetes population is challenging. Strategies are needed to enhance engagement in self-care, utilizing innovative technologies for personalized feedback. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of the Automated Personalized Self-Care program among type 2 diabetes patients and evaluate its preliminary effectiveness.
METHODS: A parallel randomized pilot trial with qualitative interviews occurred from May 3, 2022, to September 27, 2022. Participants aged 40-69 years with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c ≥ 7.0% were recruited. The three-month program involved automated personalized goal setting, education, monitoring, and feedback. Feasibility was measured by participants\' engagement and intervention usability. Preliminary effectiveness was examined through self-care self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and health outcomes. Qualitative interviews were conducted with the intervention group.
RESULTS: A total of 404 patients were screened. Out of the 61 eligible patients, 32 were enrolled, resulting in a recruitment rate of 52.5%. Retention rates at three months were 84.2% and 84.6% in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Among the intervention group, 81.3% satisfied adherence criteria. Mobile application\'s usability scored 66.25, and participants\' satisfaction was 8.06. Intention-to-treat analysis showed improvements in self-measured blood glucose testing, grain intake, and HbA1c in the intervention group. Qualitative content analysis identified nine themes.
CONCLUSIONS: Feasibility of the program was verified. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed to determine its effectiveness in self-care self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and health outcomes among type 2 diabetes patients. This study offers insights for optimizing future trials assessing clinical effectiveness.
BACKGROUND: Clinical Research Information Service, KCT0008202 (registration date: 17 February 2023).

BACKGROUND: Little is known about uncontrolled vaping, defined as vaping more than the user prefers. We sought to understand e-cigarette users\' experiences with uncontrolled vaping and how they restrain their vaping.
METHODS: Participants were 24 US adult e-cigarette users recruited in 2021. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews about uncontrolled vaping and restraint strategies and analyzed findings based on behavioral categories described in the Process Model of Self-Control.
RESULTS: While most participants (21 of 24) described experiences of uncontrolled vaping, some expressed ambivalence about how much they vaped. To restrain vaping, willpower was rarely used and was not perceived as effective. Distraction, deployment of attention away from the urge to vape, and reappraisal, thinking differently about vaping such as reminding oneself of health consequences, were common and helped some participants limit use in the moment of wanting to vape. Participants described using both situation selection, choosing to be in situations where e-cigarette use was less possible, and situation modification, modifying their circumstances to restrict opportunities to vape.
CONCLUSIONS: Uncontrolled vaping is not yet a well-defined concept for many e-cigarette users. E-cigarette users employed proactive situational strategies that required planning ahead to restrain use and found these strategies more effective compared to reactive strategies. Tobacco control programs and interventions should consider leveraging restraint strategies that people who vape are naturally using and perceive to be effective.

The resource depletion model proposes that self-control is a limited resource that may become depleted after repeated use. This study aimed to improve our understanding of the correlates of resource depletion in parents, examine the association between resource depletion and use of coercive food parenting practices, and explore the relationship between resource depletion and stress. Children aged 5-9 and their parents (n = 631 dyads) were recruited from primary care clinics in a large metropolitan area in the United States in 2016-2019. Ecological momentary assessment was carried out over seven days with parents. Frequency tabulations and descriptive statistics were calculated to examine the overall, between-participant, and within-participant frequency of resource depletion, stress, and coercive food parenting practices. Resource depletion was higher among mothers (as compared to fathers) and native born participants (as compared to immigrants). Resource depletion was found to decrease significantly with each increase in household income level and perceived co-parenting support was negatively associated with resource depletion. Greater resource depletion earlier in the day was positively associated with coercive food parenting practices (e.g., food restriction, pressure-to-eat) at dinner the same night. Further, prior day resource depletion was associated with greater pressure-to-eat the next day. Parents with lower chronic stress were found to engage in pressuring when experiencing higher depletion. Clinicians and public health professionals should be aware of the role the resource depletion can play in parent\'s use of specific food parenting practices and seek to provide parents with the support they need to manage the cognitive load they are experiencing.

UNASSIGNED: Because the mechanisms by which moral elevation triggers an individual\'s pro-social behavior remain unclear, this study examined the mediating role of self-control resources in the relationship between moral elevation and pro-social behavior.
UNASSIGNED: Experiment 1 examined the effects of moral elevation on self-control resources using two task paradigms, the Stroop task and the Go/NoGo task, with 80 college students as study participants. Experiment 2 was conducted with an additional 140 college students, using both experimental and questionnaire methods to examine the mediating role of self-control resources in the effects of moral elevation on pro-social behavior.
UNASSIGNED: (1) The results of Experiment 1 showed that the self-control ability of the moral elevation induction group was significantly better than that of the non-induction group. The accuracy rate of self-control tasks in the induction group (0.94 ± 0.01) was significantly higher than that in the non-induction group (0.89 ± 0.01, F(1,79)=19.10, p <0.001, η2=0.50). The mean reaction time of the self-control tasks in the induction group (393.63 ± 3.5) was significantly lower than that in the non-induction group (415.38 ±7.30, F(1,79)=5.87, p =0.026, η2=0.24). (2) The results of Experiment 2 showed a significant positive correlation between moral elevation and self-control resources (r=0.46, p<0.001), a significant positive correlation between moral elevation and pro-social behavior (r=0.33, p<0.001), and a significant positive correlation between self-control resources and pro-social behavior (r=0.31, p<0.001). Not only did moral elevation significantly and positively predict pro-social behavior (β= 0.23, p=0.011), but it also significantly and positively predicted self-control resources (β= 0.46, p<0.001). Self-control resources significantly and positively predicted pro-social behavior (β= 0.20, p=0.025). The bootstrap test for the mediating effect of self-control resources showed that the upper and lower limits of the 95% confidence interval did not include 0 (indirect effect 0.09, 95% CI [0.023, 0.242], p<0.001), and the mediating effect accounted for 28.13%.
UNASSIGNED: This study revealed the mediating role of self-control resources in the relationship between moral elevation and pro-social behavior, which has important theoretical and practical implications for cultivating pro-social behavior and moral education among college students.