We reviewed the potential of silicon (Si)-rich biochars (sichars) as crop amendments for pest and pathogen control. The main pathosystems that emerged from our systematic literature search were bacterial wilt on solanaceous crops (mainly tomato, pepper, tobacco and eggplant), piercing-sucking hemipteran pests and soil-borne fungi on gramineous crops (mainly rice and wheat), and parasitic nematodes on other crops. The major pest and pathogen mitigation pathways identified were: i) Si-based physical barriers; ii) Induction of plant defenses; iii) Enhancement of plant-beneficial/pathogen-antagonistic soil microflora in the case of root nematodes; iv) Alteration of soil physical-chemical properties resulting in Eh-pH conditions unfavorable to root nematodes; v) Alteration of soil physical-chemical properties resulting in Eh-pH, bulk density and/or water holding capacity favorable to plant growth and resulting tolerance to necrotrophic pathogens; vi) Increased Si uptake resulting in reduced plant quality, owing to reduced nitrogen intake towards some hemi-biotrophic pests or pathogens. Our review highlighted synergies between pathways and tradeoffs between others, depending, inter alia, on: i) crop type (notably whether Si-accumulating or not); ii) pest/pathogen type (e.g. below-ground/root-damaging vs above-ground/aerial part-damaging; \"biotrophic\" vs \"necrotrophic\" sensu lato, and corresponding systemic resistance pathways; thriving Eh-pH spectrum; etc.); iii) soil type. Our review also stressed the need for further research on: i) the contribution of Si and other physical-chemical characteristics of biochars (including potential antagonistic effects); ii) the pyrolysis process to a) optimize Si availability in the soil and its uptake by the crop and b) to minimize formation of harmful compounds e.g. cristobalite; iii) on the optimal form of biochar, e.g. Si-nano particles on the surface of the biochar, micron-sized biochar-based compound fertilizer vs larger biochar porous matrices.

DW (Dyeing wastewater) contains a large amount of dye organic compounds. A considerable proportion of dye itself or its intermediate products generated during wastewater treatment process exhibits CMR (Carcinogenic/Mutagenic/Toxic to Reproduction) toxicity. Compared with physicochemical methods, biological treatment is advantageous in terms of operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions, and has become the indispensable mainstream technology for DW treatment. This article reviews the adsorption and degradation mechanisms of dye organic compounds in wastewater and analyzed different biological processes, ranging from traditional methods to processes enhanced by biochar (BC). For traditional biological processes, microbial characteristics and communities were discussed, as well as the removal efficiency of different bioreactors. BC has adsorption and redox electron mediated effects, and coupling with biological treatment can further enhance the process of biosorption and degradation. Although BC coupled biological treatment shows promising dye removal, further research is still needed to optimize the treatment process, especially in terms of technical and economic competitiveness.

Ethanol consumption triggers oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through its metabolites. This process leads to steatosis and liver inflammation, which are critical for the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Autophagy is a regulated dynamic process that sequesters damaged and excess cytoplasmic organelles for lysosomal degradation and may counteract the harmful effects of ROS-induced oxidative stress. These effects include hepatotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, steatosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and iron overload. In liver diseases, particularly ALD, macroautophagy has been implicated as a protective mechanism in hepatocytes, although it does not appear to play the same role in stellate cells. Beyond the liver, autophagy may also mitigate the harmful effects of alcohol on other organs, thereby providing an additional layer of protection against ALD. This protective potential is further supported by studies showing that drugs that interact with autophagy, such as rapamycin, can prevent ALD development in animal models. This systematic review presents a comprehensive analysis of the literature, focusing on the role of autophagy in oxidative stress regulation, its involvement in organ-organ crosstalk relevant to ALD, and the potential of autophagy-targeting therapeutic strategies.

Due to the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, low-cost, fast, and user-friendly diagnostic kits for biosensing SARS-CoV-2 in real samples employing multiple working electrodes are in high demand. Choosing SARS-CoV-2 detecting electrodes is difficult because each has advantages and limitations. Carbon-based electrochemical sensing applications have attracted attention from the electrochemical sensing community because carbon and carbon-based materials have been a godsend for testing utilizing an electrochemical platform. Carbon working electrode electrochemical platforms are cost-effective and fast. Covid-sensors use carbon-based materials because they can be easily changed (with inorganic and organic functionalities), have quick response kinetics, and are chemically resistant. Covid-19 sensing materials include graphene and graphite. This review explains how carbon materials have been employed in N and S protein electrochemical detection. Here, we discussed a carbon-based technology for SARS-CoV-2 biosensing. We\'ve compared carbon-based electrochemical sensing to different electrodes.

The rheological properties of red blood cells (RBCs) play an important role in their microcirculation. RBCs can elastically deform in response to mechanical forces to pass through narrow vessels for effective gas exchange in peripheral tissues. Decreased RBC deformability is observed in lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension, which are pathological conditions linked to increased oxidative stress and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Redox-sensitive cysteine residues on RBC cytoskeletal proteins, such as α- and β-spectrins, responsible for membrane flexibility, are affected by prolonged oxidative stress, leading to reversible and irreversible oxidative modifications and decreased RBC deformability. However, endogenously, and exogenously generated NO protects RBC membrane flexibility from further oxidative modification by shielding redox-sensitive cysteine residues with a glutathione cap. Recent studies have shown that nitrate-rich diets and moderate exercise can enhance NO production to increase RBC deformability by increasing the interplay between RBCs and vascular endothelium-mediated NO bioavailability for microcirculation. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of RBC- and non-RBC-mediated NO generation, and how diet- and exercise-derived NO exert prophylactic effects against decreased RBC deformability in lifestyle-related diseases with vascular endothelial dysfunction.

A physical exercise program is one of the commonly used methods for improving an individual\'s antioxidative capacity. However, an inappropriate physical exercise program would induce extra oxidative stress (OS), and the relationship between the details of a physical exercise protocol and the severity of intracellular OS is still unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science with the eligibility criteria: (1) participants over 18 years old; (2) physical exercise interventions; (3) 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, F2-isoprostanes, and protein carbonyls (PCs) as outcome measures; (4) published in English and peer-reviewed. 12 studies were included, and the data of 8 in them were pooled together. The agreement between authors reached a kappa value of 0.73. The results of the meta-analysis showed that: (1) the level of OS did not depend on the absolute intensity of physical exercise but on both the intensity and the volume of exercise; (2) high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIAE) and a combined protocol of HIAE and resistance training had the highest potential to induce large OS in unhealthy people; (3) the OS induced by moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise was significantly larger than that induced by ordinary life activities in healthy adults; (4) high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise had the lowest and sub-lowest probabilities to induce high intracellular OS for unhealthy adults. activities induce OS in various tissues in the human body, and the severity of OS depends on many factors of physical exercises as well as the health condition of an individual. A high-intensity and high-volume physical exercise program has the largest possibility of inducing severe OS, while a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a high-intensity interval training program with a relatively low volume might be beneficial to the redox balance for unhealthy individuals. In conclusion, continuous aerobic exercise under moderate-intensity or high-intensity interval training could be recommended to enhance the body\'s capacity for maintaining redox balance, especially for unhealthy individuals. The PROSPERO Registration Number is CRD42022349687.

The strong development of mankind is inseparable from the proper use of drugs, and the electroanalytical research of drugs occupies an important position in the field of analytical chemistry. This review mainly elaborates the research progress of drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox on various electrodes for the recent decade from 2011 to 2021. At first, we summarize some frequently used electrochemical data processing and electrochemical mechanism research derivation methods in the literature. Then, according to the drug therapeutic and application/usage purposes, the research progress of drugs electrochemical analysis is classified and discussed, where we focus on drugs electrochemical reaction mechanism. At the same time, the comparisons of electrochemical sensing performance of the drugs on various electrodes from recent studies are listed, so that readers can more intuitively compare and understand the electroanalytical sensing performance of each modified electrode for each of the drug. Finally, this review discusses the shortcomings and prospects of the drugs electroanalysis based on direct electrochemical redox research.

Cryopreservation has several advantages over other ex situ conservation methods, and indeed is the only viable storage method for the long term conservation of most plant species. However, despite many advances in this field, it is increasingly clear that some species are ill-equipped to overcome the intense stress imposed by the cryopreservation process, making protocol development incredibly difficult using traditional trial and error methods. Cryobiotechnology approaches have been recently recognised as a strategic way forward, utilising intimate understanding of biological systems to inform development of more effective cryopreservation protocols. Mitochondrial function is a model candidate for a cryobiotechnological approach, as it underpins not only energy provision, but also several other key determinants of germplasm outcome, including stress response, reduction-oxidation status, and programmed cell death. Extensive research in animal cell and tissue cryopreservation has established a clear link between mitochondrial health and cryopreservation survival, but also indicates that mitochondria are routinely subject to damage from multiple aspects of the cryopreservation process. Evidence is already emerging that mitochondrial dysfunction may also occur in plant cryopreservation, and this research can be greatly expanded by using considered applications of innovative technologies. A range of mitochondria-targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions already exist with potential to improve cryopreservation outcomes through mitochondrial function.

The organism\'s energy requirements for homeostatic balance are covered by the redox mechanisms. Yet in case of psychologically traumatic stress, allostatic regulations activate both pro-oxidant and antioxidant molecules as well as respective components of the inflammatory system. Thus a new setpoint of dynamic interactions among redox elements is reached. Similarly, a multifaceted interplay between redox and inflammatory fields is activated with the mediation of major effector systems such as the immune system, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, kynurenine, and the glycaemic regulatory one. In case of sustained and/or intense traumatic stress the prophylactic antioxidant components are inadequate to provide the organism with neuroprotection finally culminating in Oxidative Stress and subsequently to cellular apoptosis. In parallel multiple inflammatory systems trigger and/or are triggered by the redox systems in tight fashion so that the causation sequence appears obscure. This exhaustive review aims at the comprehension of the interaction among components of the redox system as well as to the collection of disperse findings relative to the redox-inflammatory interplay in the context of traumatic stress so that new research strategies could be developed.

Manganese (Mn) is a biologically important and redox-active metal that may exert a poorly recognized control on carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Manganese influences ecosystem C dynamics by mediating biochemical pathways that include photosynthesis, serving as a reactive intermediate in the breakdown of organic molecules, and binding and/or oxidizing organic molecules through organo-mineral associations. However, the potential for Mn to influence ecosystem C storage remains unresolved. Although substantial research has demonstrated the ability of Fe- and Al-oxides to stabilize organic matter, there is a scarcity of similar information regarding Mn-oxides. Furthermore, Mn-mediated reactions regulate important litter decomposition pathways, but these processes are poorly constrained across diverse ecosystems. Here, we discuss the ecological roles of Mn in terrestrial environments and synthesize existing knowledge on the multiple pathways by which biogeochemical Mn and C cycling intersect. We demonstrate that Mn has a high potential to degrade organic molecules through abiotic and microbially mediated oxidation and to stabilize organic molecules, at least temporarily, through organo-mineral associations. We outline research priorities needed to advance understanding of Mn-C interactions, highlighting knowledge gaps that may address key uncertainties in soil C predictions.