BACKGROUND: Skull base reconstruction is one of the greatest challenges extended endonasal endoscopic surgery. Many grafts and flaps from the endonasal fossa have been demonstrated to be useful in the control of complications such a cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Review and analysis of these resources are necessary in skull base recontruction to improve outcomes.
OBJECTIVE: The target is to create a consensus document on the use of different endonasal flaps and grafts in the skull base surgery.
METHODS: Literature review of the most relevant free grafts and vascularized flaps from the endonasal fossa. Analysis using the Delphi method on the use of the different endonasal resources for endoscopic repair of skull base defects.
RESULTS: We obtained two results: 1) A selection of the most representative flaps and grafts from the endonasal fossa, describing origin, surface and indications, based on a literature review. 2) A consensus document, using Delphi methodology, with general considerations (2), recommendations (10) and limitations (6) of the different endonasal flaps and grafts.
CONCLUSIONS: We present the first consensus document in the field of extended endonasal endoscopic surgery using the Delphi method as a working tool. We highlight the usefulness of the nasoseptal flap together with other endonasal flaps and grafts for skull base reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To outline an expert-based consensus of recommendations for the diagnosis and management of pediatric patients with congenital tracheal stenosis.
METHODS: Expert opinions were sought from members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) via completion of an 18-item survey utilizing an iterative Delphi method and review of the literature.
RESULTS: Forty-three members completed the survey providing recommendations regarding the initial history, clinical evaluation, diagnostic evaluation, temporizing measures, definitive repair, and post-repair care of children with congenital tracheal stenosis.
CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations are intended to be used to support clinical decision-making regarding the evaluation and management of children with congenital tracheal stenosis. Responses highlight the diverse management strategies and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to care of these patients.

The annual incidence of oral cancer in the world is more than 300 000, and the five-year survival rate is 50%~60%. Every year, 145 400 people died due to tongue cancer, of which tongue cancer accounts for nearly 40%. Although tongue cancer has tumor heterogeneity and individual differences in prognosis, surgery is still the first choice for the treatment of tongue cancer. The effect of tongue cancer surgery can directly determine the survival time of patients. The defect caused by tongue cancer surgery seriously affects the patients\' physical functions such as appearance, language, chewing and swallowing. The surgical treatment of tongue cancer with functional reconstruction can improve the quality of life of patients. In the past few decades, genomics has enhanced understanding of tongue cancer. The preclinical tumor model preserves the tumor heterogeneity, which has a great application prospect in the discovery of tumor biomarkers and the clinical translation of drugs. Many advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of tongue cancer, but there are still many controversies in clinical practice. Therefore, this expert consensus summarizes the progress and controversial hot spots of surgical diagnosis and treatment of tongue cancer, mainly including preoperative diagnosis and evaluation, surgical treatment points and postoperative functional rehabilitation.
口腔癌在世界范围内的年发病人数超过300 000例，5年生存率为50%~60%，其中舌癌占比近40%。肿瘤存在肿瘤异质性，个体预后存在差异，但手术仍是治疗舌癌的第一选择。舌癌手术效果可直接决定患者的生存时间，其造成的损伤严重影响患者的外观、语言、咀嚼、吞咽等生理功能，舌癌的外科治疗必须兼顾功能重建，以提高患者的生存质量。在过去几十年里，人们对舌癌基因组学的认识不断深入，认识到临床研究前模型可以保存有肿瘤异质性，其在发现肿瘤标志物和药物临床转化中有巨大应用前景，舌癌的诊断和治疗取得了许多进展，但临床上对其诊疗仍存在诸多争论。因此，本专家共识总结了舌癌外科诊疗的进展和有争议的热点，主要涵盖了术前诊断评估、外科处理要点和术后功能康复等内容。.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically assess the literature and report on (1) the frequency of occurrence of buccal soft tissue dehiscence (BSTD) at implants, (2) factors associated with the occurrence of BSTD and (3) treatment outcomes of reconstructive therapy for the coverage of BSTD.
METHODS: Two systematic reviews addressing focused questions related to implant BSTD occurrence, associated factors and the treatment outcomes of BSTD coverage served as the basis for group discussions and the consensus statements. The main findings of the systematic reviews, consensus statements and implications for clinical practice and for future research were formulated within group 3 and were further discussed and reached final approval within the plenary session.
RESULTS: Buccally positioned implants were the factor most strongly associated with the risk of occurrence of BSTD, followed by thin tissue phenotype. At immediate implants, it was identified that the use of a connective tissue graft (CTG) may act as a protective factor for BSTD. Coverage of BSTD may be achieved with a combination of a coronally advanced flap (CAF) and a connective tissue graft, with or without prosthesis modification/removal, although feasibility of the procedure depends upon multiple local and patient-related factors. Soft tissue substitutes showed limited BSTD coverage.
CONCLUSIONS: Correct three-dimensional (3D) positioning of the implant is of utmost relevance to prevent the occurrence of BSTD. If present, BSTD may be covered by CAF +CTG, however the evidence comes from a low number of observational studies. Therefore, future research is needed for the development of further evidence-based clinical recommendations.

Microsurgical free tissue transfer has been successfully implemented for various reconstructive applications in children. The goal of this study was to identify the best available evidence on perioperative management of pediatric patients undergoing free tissue transfer and to use it to develop evidence-based care guidelines.
A systematic review was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Because a preliminary search of the pediatric microsurgical literature yielded scant data with a low level of evidence, pediatric anesthesia guidelines for healthy children undergoing major operations were also included. Exclusion criteria included vague descriptions of perioperative care, case reports, and studies of syndromic or chronically ill children.
Two hundred four articles were identified, and 53 met inclusion criteria. Management approaches specific to the pediatric population were used to formulate recommendations. High-quality data were found for anesthesia, analgesia, fluid administration/blood transfusion, and anticoagulation (Level I Evidence). Lower quality evidence was identified for patient temperature (Level III Evidence) and vasodilator use (Level IV Evidence). Key recommendations include administering sevoflurane for general anesthesia, implementing a multimodal analgesia strategy, limiting preoperative fasting, restricting blood transfusions until hemoglobin level is less than 7 g/dl unless the patient is symptomatic, and reserving chemical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for high-risk patients.
Pediatric-specific guidelines are important, as they acknowledge physiologic differences in children, which may be overlooked when extrapolating from adult studies. These evidence-based recommendations are a key first step toward standardization of perioperative care of pediatric patients undergoing plastic surgical procedures, including free tissue transfer, to improve outcomes and minimize complications.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to provide a detailed comparison between the American Urologic Association (AUA), Société Internationale d\'Urologie (SIU), and the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on the evaluation, management, and follow-up of the patients with anterior urethral stricture disease (USD).
METHODS: The urethral stricture guidelines from SUI, AUA, and EAU were collected and evaluated regarding the recommendations on diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of anterior USD. The strength of evidence for each statement was included and discussed when guidelines differed.
RESULTS: While the guidelines remarkably align in terms of the diagnostic workup and follow-up, there is discordance in the management of anterior urethral strictures, specifically for the use of endoscopic treatment and stenting. Further, the EAU offers more comprehensive recommendations regarding urethroplasty techniques and patient follow-up. The EAU guidelines are the most recent and first to offer guidance for USD in transgender people and women.
CONCLUSIONS: Reconstructive urology is a rapidly adapting field, and best practices change accordingly. Guideline statements have become more inclusive and expansive but will require further research to improve the level of evidence and continue to provide patients and providers with the best treatment plans.

UNASSIGNED: Facial paralysis can impair one\'s ability to form facial expressions that are congruent with internal emotion. This hinders communication and the cognitive processing of emotional experience. Facial reanimation surgery, which aims to restore full facial expressivity is a relatively recent undertaking which is still evolving. Due in large part to published techniques, refinements, and clinical outcomes in the scientific literature, consensus on best practice is gradually emerging, whereas controversies still exist.Taking stock of how the discipline reached its current state can help delineate areas of agreement and debate, and more clearly reveal a path forward. To do this, the authors have analyzed the 50 seminal publications pertaining to facial reanimation surgery. In longstanding cases, the free gracilis transfer emerges as a clear muscle of choice but the nerve selection remains controversial with prevailing philosophies advocating cross facial nerve grafts (with or without the support of an ipsilateral motor donor) or an ipsilateral motor donor only, of which the hypoglossal and nerve to masseter predominate. The alternative orthodoxy has refined the approach popularized by Gillies in 1934 and does not require the deployment of microsurgical principles. Although this citation analysis does not tell the whole story, surgeons with an interest in facial reanimation will find that this is a good place to start.

UNASSIGNED: To reach agreement on standardized protocols for assessing upper limb strength and grip and pinch force for upper limb reconstructive surgery for tetraplegia.
UNASSIGNED: Selected members of an expert panel composed of international therapists formed at the 2018 International Congress for Upper Limb Surgery for Tetraplegia conducted a literature review of current practice that identified gaps and inconsistencies in measurement protocols and presented to workshop attendees. To resolve discrepancies, a set of questions was presented to workshop attendees who voted electronically. Consensus was set at 75% agreement.
UNASSIGNED: For manual muscle testing, consensus was reached for using the Medical Research Council scale, without plus or minus, and the use of resistance through range when testing grade 4 and grade 5 strength. Pectoralis major and serratus anterior should be routinely tested, however there was no consensus on other shoulder muscles. Grip and pinch strength should be tested according to the American Society of Hand Therapists positioning. For grip strength, either the Jamar or Biometrics dynamometer expressed in kilograms should be used. For grip and pinch strength, three measurements should be performed at each testing. No consensus was reached on a device for pinch strength.
UNASSIGNED: This work is an important step to enable comparable data in the future. Further consensus methods will work toward developing more comprehensive guidelines in this population. Building international consensus for pre- and postoperative measures of function supports objective evaluation of novel therapies and interpretation of multicenter studies.

We aim to define a set of terms for common free flap complications with evidence-based descriptions.
Clinical consensus surveys were conducted among a panel of head and neck/reconstructive surgeons (N = 11). A content validity index for relevancy and clarity for each item was computed and adjusted for chance agreement (modified kappa, K). Items with K < 0.74 for relevancy (i.e., ratings of \"good\" or \"fair\") were eliminated.
Five out of nineteen terms scored K < 0.74. Eliminated terms included \"vascular compromise\"; \"cellulitis\"; \"surgical site abscess\"; \"malocclusion\"; and \"non- or mal-union.\" Terms that achieved consensus were \"total/partial free flap failure\"; \"free flap takeback\"; \"arterial thrombosis\"; \"venous thrombosis\"; \"revision of microvascular anastomosis\"; \"fistula\"; \"wound dehiscence\"; \"hematoma\"; \"seroma\"; \"partial skin graft failure\"; \"total skin graft failure\"; \"exposed hardware or bone\"; and \"hardware failure.\"
Standardized reporting would encourage multi-institutional research collaboration, larger scale quality improvement initiatives, the ability to set risk-adjusted benchmarks, and enhance education and communication.

应用聚丙烯网片或吊带的盆底重建手术快速发展，但同时网片或吊带（网片/吊带）植入后暴露、疼痛等相关并发症也引起了高度关注，并发症的发生明显降低了患者的生命质量，且临床处理棘手。本共识是针对网片/吊带暴露这一特有的并发症，在参考2020年美国妇科泌尿协会（AUGS）和国际妇科泌尿协会（IUGA）有关网片相关并发症诊治流程的联合立场声明的基础上，由中华医学会妇产科学分会妇科盆底学组专家结合我国的实际情况集体讨论制定。本共识全面阐述了网片/吊带暴露并发症的诊断、治疗和预防，为临床医师提供了明确的诊疗思路和处理方法，供同道借鉴。.