The present study describes a case of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis. The clinical and radiological findings of the patient were consistent with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis is a rare subtype of mastitis with a distinct histological pattern that is associated with the Corynebacterium species. The diagnosis and treatment of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity of available data. The present study describes a classic case of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis that includes clinical, radiological and histopathological findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case documenting radiological findings before and after treatment. This report encourages the consideration of this entity in the differential diagnoses of mastitis.

Hydroxyapatite deposition disease (HADD) represents a multifaceted condition characterized by the accumulation of hydroxyapatite crystals in soft tissues, leading to subsequent inflammation and discomfort. The intricate etiology of HADD is the subject of this comprehensive review, which encompasses an in-depth analysis of the four proposed pathogenic mechanisms and a deliberation on the predisposing factors that instigate the development of this disease. In order to provide a thorough understanding of the disease\'s progression, this manuscript delineates the stages of HADD-those preceding calcification, occurring during calcification, and following calcification-in meticulous detail. This chronology forms the basis of a complete portrayal of the evolution of HADD. Moreover, this review encompasses an examination of the radiological findings associated with HADD, furnishing an extensive discourse on imaging characteristics. The potential of HADD to mimic other diseases, thereby posing diagnostic challenges, is also articulated. The discourse continues with an investigation of HADD\'s differential diagnosis. This section furnishes a robust framework for distinguishing HADD from other conditions based on imaging results. To enrich the understanding of this diagnostic process, case studies illustrating real-world applications are provided. An overview of treatment modalities for HADD, including both conservative and interventional approaches, forms the concluding discussion. The pivotal role of imaging specialists in the diagnosis and management of HADD is emphasized, highlighting their vital contribution to image-guided procedures and disease monitoring.

Chest X-ray, chest CT, and lung ultrasound are the most common radiological interventions used in the diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The purpose of this literature review, which was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, is to determine which radiological investigation is crucial for that purpose. PubMed, Medline, American Journal of Radiology (AJR), Public Library of Science (PLOS), Elsevier, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and ScienceDirect were explored. Seventy-two articles were reviewed for potential inclusion, including 50 discussing chest CT, 15 discussing chest X-ray, five discussing lung ultrasound, and two discussing COVID-19 epidemiology. The reported sensitivities and specificities for chest CT ranged from 64 to 98% and 25 to 88%, respectively. The reported sensitivities and specificities for chest X-rays ranged from 33 to 89% and 11.1 to 88.9%, respectively. The reported sensitivities and specificities for lung ultrasound ranged from 93 to 96.8% and 21.3 to 95%, respectively. The most common findings on chest CT include ground glass opacities and consolidation. The most common findings on chest X-rays include opacities, consolidation, and pleural effusion. The data indicate that chest CT is the most effective radiological tool for the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients. The authors support the continued use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), along with physical examination and contact history, for such diagnosis. Chest CT could be more appropriate in emergency situations when quick triage of patients is necessary before RT-PCR results are available. CT can also be used to visualize the progression of COVID-19 pneumonia and to identify potential false positive RT-PCR results. Chest X-ray and lung ultrasound are acceptable in situations where chest CT is unavailable or contraindicated.

CT scan plays an important role in adult foot and ankle surgery. Plain radiographs are usually the first-line imaging modality for assessing foot and ankle bone and joint architectural abnormalities. However, despite the fact that a CT scan is more expensive and associated with higher radiation exposure, it offers better imaging quality for the assessment of bony lesions in orthopaedics and trauma. Evidence has shown that more accurate measurements can be obtained from a CT scan compared to plain radiographs. Weight-bearing multi-detection CT scanning goes the extra mile by providing a more detailed assessment, especially for intra-articular fractures, and mirrors the real-life foot and ankle dynamics compared to conventional non-weight-bearing CT scans. It also has a relatively lower radiation dose compared to conventional CT scans. CT scan is the best modality for assessing bony lesions whereas MRI is better for soft tissue pathology. An understanding of the role of CT scan in the anatomical assessment of the foot and ankle will help improve communication between orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and radiographers. A thorough understanding of when to use a CT scan compared to the other imaging modalities will also lead to better surgical outcomes, reduced cost, and reduced risk from radiation exposure. This review article analyzes the role of CT in assessing relevant radiographic architectural measurements for diagnosis and surgical planning in adult foot and ankle surgery.

BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation has proven to be an effective treatment option for end-stage lung disease. However, early and late complications following transplantation remain significant causes of high mortality.
OBJECTIVE: In this review, we focus on the time of onset in primary graft dysfunction and rejection complications, as well as emphasize the role of imaging manifestations and pathological features in early diagnosis, thus assisting clinicians in the early detection and treatment of posttransplant complications and improving patient quality of life and survival.
METHODS: We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. We used the following search terms: lung transplantation complications, primary graft dysfunction, acute rejection, chronic lung allograft dysfunction, radiological findings, and diagnosis and treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Primary graft dysfunction, surgical complications, immune rejection, infections, and neoplasms represent major posttransplant complications. As the main posttransplant survival limitation, chronic lung allograft dysfunction has a characteristic imaging presentation; nevertheless, the clinical and imaging manifestations are often complex and overlap, so it is essential to understand the temporal evolution of these complications to narrow the differential diagnosis for early treatment to improve prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Given the several radiological features shared by coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and other infective or non-infective diseases with lung involvement, the differential diagnosis is often tricky, and no unequivocal tool exists to help the radiologist in the proper diagnosis. Computed tomography is considered the gold standard in detecting pulmonary illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review including the available studies evaluating computed tomography similarities and discrepancies between coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and other pulmonary illness, then providing a discussion focus on cancer patients.
METHODS: Using pertinent keywords, we performed a systematic review using PubMed to select relevant studies published until October 30, 2020.
RESULTS: Of the identified 133 studies, 18 were eligible and included in this review.
CONCLUSIONS: Ground-glass opacity and consolidations are the most common computed tomography lesions in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. Only two studies included cancer patients, and the differential diagnosis with early lung cancer and radiation pneumonitis was performed. A single lesion associated with pleural effusion and lymphadenopathies in lung cancer and the onset of the lesions in the radiation field in the case of radiation pneumonitis allowed the differential diagnosis. Nevertheless, the studies were heterogeneous, and the type and prevalence of lesions, distributions, morphology, evolution, and additional signs, together with epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings, are crucial to help in the differential diagnosis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the new [novel] coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a pandemic with exceeding 72 million cases and 1.2 million deaths by the end of November 2020. We aimed to evaluate clinical, laboratory, and radiology findings of COVID-19 in children as reported worldwide and thereby to increase the clinical knowledge about the disease. Bibliographic searches were conducted in December 2020 using PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was limited to children [below 18 years of age]. The search strategy yielded a total of 336 potential articles but finally a total of 25 valid studies covering a total of 2446 (China: 1109, Europe: 663, North America: 674) pediatric patients. In the studies covered by this review, it was observed that the median age was calculated at various values between the ages of 1 and 7 years. In the studies, overall rate of the asymptomatic patients was 24.8% (ranging between 10.7 and 56.6). Acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) [mild disease] was observed in 40.7 (ranging between 22 and 50.6%), mild pneumonia in 27% (ranging between 9.5 and 40.6%), and severe pneumonia in 5.3% (ranging between 1.9 and 10.6%). A total of 3% (ranging between 0.7 and 5.1%) of the patients had critical severity. Among the most common clinical symptoms and findings; 61.7% (ranging between 57.4 and 64.3%) of the patients had fever, 53.2% (ranging between 30.6 and 75.1%) had cough, 16.8% (ranging between 4.6 and 27.2%) had diarrhea or nausea, and 15% had lymphopenia. Abnormal radiological findings were detected in 47.2 of the children with COVID-19 and ground glass opacity was in 22.2%. COVID-19 manifests milder and the clinical signs and symptoms vary widely in children. Laboratory and radiological findings of COVID-19 in pediatric patients are not mostly disease-specific, except lymphopenia may have a limited value, and ground glass opacity may have a significant diagnostic value.

Traumatic myositis ossificans (MO) circumscripta is an uncommon nonhereditary pathophysiological result of muscular trauma that is detected by radiographic imaging three to four weeks following initial trauma. It is responsible for great global morbidity, with symptoms of prolonged pain, diminished flexibility, and stiffness. There is frequently a delay in diagnosis due to the generalized symptoms and varying radiographic presentation. The goal of therapy is to rule out serious complications (such as soft tissue sarcoma) and to restore strength and range of motion (ROM) as soon as possible. Here we detail the case of a 32-year-old male with a delayed diagnosis of MO who presented to the hospital with left lower extremity pain and swelling following a motor vehicle accident (MVA) that occurred one month prior.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial epidermoid cysts are the most frequent congenital intracranial lesion. They rare and benign tumors that can present in different clinical situations depending on location and extension of the disease. Diagnosis is obtained with radiological imaging with RM and non-enhanced TC as elective investigating methods. Elective treatment is surgery, based on total/subtotal excision sparring healthy neurovascular structures, considering the benign nature of this lesion.
METHODS: In this study we present the case of a 79-year-old woman affected by recidivist epidermal cyst of the posterior fossa. Clinical presentation was characterized by positional subjective vertigo, intense headache localized in the right part of the head increased by Valsalva maneuver and retroarticular subcutaneous swelling. Radiological investigation found a giant epidemoid cyst of the posterior fossa (8,4 x 4,8 x 5,8 cm), treated with surgery. In the postoperative, the patient was fine and no neurological deficit has been encounterd.
METHODS: In this study, we present a review of the literature regarding giant epidermoid cysts of posterior fossa. Only 11 cases were reported before ours, which actually is one of the largest ever described.

Purpose: To summarize the radiological findings in patients with orbital blowout fractures. Methods: We reviewed the published literature on radiological findings of orbital blowout fractures that were searched on PubMed and included our own radiologic findings on patients with orbital blowout fractures that were seen at our hospital. Results: Radiologic examination reveals a variety of findings in each case. However, common radiological findings of orbital blowout fractures include comminuted/unhinged, hinged, and linear fractures. These fractures are usually located in the orbital floor medial to the infraorbital nerve and in the medial orbital wall. Orbital fat is frequently herniated in the paranasal sinus or incarcerated at the fracture site. Orbital emphysema and haematoma sometimes occur as complications. Conclusions: This review will provide surgeons with a better understanding of various radiological findings, which could be helpful in the management of patients with orbital blowout fracture.