Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) can occur in nearly all types of malignant tumors, with lung cancer being the most prevalent cause. The presence of MPE indicates an advanced stage or distant spread of the tumor, significantly reducing the patient\'s life expectancy. Particularly, a substantial amount of pleural effusion can impede heart and lung function, impair blood oxygen perfusion levels in the body, and greatly diminish patients\' quality of life. Even when systemic treatment has alleviated the primary lung tumor in some patients, effective control over MPE remains challenging and impacts clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to implement measures for reducing or managing MPE while ensuring standardized treatment for lung cancer. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in diagnosing and treating lung cancer complicated by MPE through extensive basic and clinical research. Based on existing evidence and China\'s clinical practice experience, relevant experts from the China Association of Health Promotion and Education and Cancer Rehabilitation and Palliative Treatment Professional Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association (CRPC) have summarized key aspects related to diagnosis and treatment consensus opinions for lung cancer complicated by MPE. This aims to establish standardized procedures that will serve as a reference for doctors\' clinical practice.
恶性胸腔积液几乎可发生于所有恶性肿瘤，其中肺癌是导致恶性胸腔积液最常见的病因。一旦出现恶性胸腔积液表明肿瘤已发生远处播散或已进展至晚期，患者预期寿命将明显缩短。大量的胸腔积液会限制患者的心、肺功能，影响机体血氧灌注水平，严重降低患者的生存质量，甚至部分患者经过全身治疗后在肺部原发肿瘤已获得缓解的前提下，其恶性胸腔积液仍得不到理想控制，影响临床治疗效果。应当在规范化治疗肺癌的同时，积极采取措施，减少或控制恶性胸腔积液。近年来，随着基础研究和临床研究的不断深入，关于肺癌合并恶性胸腔积液的诊断和治疗手段又有了新的进展。中国健康促进与教育协会和中国抗癌协会癌症康复与姑息治疗专业委员会组织相关专家基于现有的研究证据，结合中国的临床实践经验，总结了肺癌合并恶性胸腔积液诊疗的相关问题并提出共识意见，旨在规范肺癌合并恶性胸腔积液的诊断和治疗流程，以期为医师临床诊疗实践提供参考。.

The most common bacterial isolates in dogs with pyothorax include mixed anaerobes, Enterobacteriaceae (especially Escherichia coli), Pasteurella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. A fluoroquinolone with amoxicillin (±clavulanate) or a fluoroquinolone with clindamycin are the most commonly recommended empirical antimicrobials whilst pending bacterial culture of the pleural effusion. The aim of this study is to review and compare the pleural effusion culture and antimicrobial susceptibility results to the PROTECT ME poster and other published antimicrobial use guidelines. The medical records of 53 dogs diagnosed with pyothorax between 2014 and 2020 at two veterinary referral centres were reviewed. Information, including culture and susceptibility results, was assessed. Antimicrobial susceptibility panels varied; susceptibility to a particular antibiotic was calculated as a percentage of isolates tested against the same antibiotic. A total of 30 of 53 dogs (57.7%) had a positive pleural fluid culture. The most common isolates were Pasteurella species (23.3%), Escherichia coli (23.3%), and mixed anaerobes (20%). From the aerobic isolates, 73-83% were susceptible to a fluoroquinolone, 14/19 (74%) to amoxicillin, and 20/22 (91%) to potentiated amoxicillin. Resistance to clindamycin was documented in 9/13 (69%) aerobic isolates, with all Gram-negative bacteria (9/9) being resistant. The combination of potentiated amoxicillin with marbofloxacin would have been appropriate in most of the dogs (75-92.9%). This study shows a high rate of resistance to clindamycin, which is not a suitable option for monotherapy and may be less effective in combination therapy compared to potentiated amoxicillin.

暂无摘要。

Pleural effusion(PE) is a common medical problem with various causes. The differential diagnosis for PE is often challenging. This consensus was generated by members of the academic group of the pleural and mediastinal diseases(preparatory) of Chinese Thoracic Society and some external experts. The members convened in virtual meetings and conducted an extensive literature investigation and assessed the quality of the evidence using a modified grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation(GRADE) approach. This consensus included three chapters: the initial evaluation of PE, the diagnosis of PE with common causes, and the diagnosis of PE with uncommon causes.The main recommendations of Chapter Ⅰ were as follows:(1) For patients suspected of PE according to medical history and clinical manifestations, thoracic CT or ultrasound is recommended to confirm the presence or absence of PE.(2) Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis is recommended when available. Recommended tests for all sampled pleural effeusions include total protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA), differential cell count, and cytological examination.(3) It is recommended to use Light\'s criteria to distinguish exudate and transudate. When PE is classified to be exudates with heart failure, it is recommended to detect N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide of PE or serum-pleural fluid albumin gradient to assist the judgment.(4) Pleural biopsy is recommended for patients for whom the causes of PE cannot be identified by the detection of PE samples, and CT or ultrasound-guided pleural biopsy is more accurate. Thoracoscopy is recommended for patients whose etiology cannot be identified by laboratory tests of PE and/or pleural biopsy histopathology.The main recommendations of Chapter Ⅱ were as follows:(1)It is suggested to obtain more samples or use immunocytochemistry to assist the diagnosis and cell typing when initial cytopathology examination shows atypical cells, suspicious malignant or malignant cells. (2) Liquid medium for Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture is recommended to improve the positive rate. Molecular diagnosis (nucleic acid amplification or Xpert MTB/RIF) is recommended when tuberculous PE is suspected. For suspected tuberculous PE where the examination of PE is inconclusive. CT or ultrasound-guided pleural biopsy or thoracoscopy is recommended to obtain pleural tissue for acid-fast staining, Mycobacterium tuberculosis nucleic acid amplification and culture.(3)C-reactive protein (CRP) of PE is recommended to distinguish uncomplicated PPE from complicated PPE. It is suggested to inoculate pleural effusion into blood culture bottles or culturing specimens from ultrasound-guided pleural biopsy to increase the positive rate.The main recommendations of Chapter Ⅲ were as follows:(1) It is recommended to comprehensively analyze the patients\' medical history, clinical manifestations, effusion characteristics, and biopsy pathological results to indentify uncommon causes.(2) It is recommended to detect the presence of chylomicrons or cholesterol crystals, with testing of the levels of triglyceride and cholesterol in PE for clinical suspicion of chylothorax or pseudochylothorax. (3) PE may be the result of a combination of various causes, and it is recommended to screen factors such as heart failure, hypoalbuminemia, and thoracic infection for critical patients.(4) For patients with PE whose cause has not been identified by thoracoscopic pleural biopsy, close follow-up for at least 2 years is recommended to exclude malignant diseases.
胸腔积液是多种疾病常见的并发症，其病因诊断具有挑战性。中华医学会呼吸病学分会胸膜与纵隔疾病学组（筹）组织专家，充分评估了胸腔积液诊断领域最新的研究结果，基于GRADE证据分级的原则，经过多次会议讨论和修订，最终形成了胸腔积液诊断的专家共识。本共识分为三章：胸腔积液的评估和检测、常见病因胸腔积液的诊断、其他类型胸腔积液的诊断。第一章主要推荐意见如下：（1）根据病史和临床表现怀疑为胸腔积液的患者，推荐行胸部CT和（或）胸腔超声检查明确有无胸腔积液。（2）有条件情况下，推荐在超声引导下行胸腔穿刺。诊断性胸腔穿刺，建议至少检测胸腔积液总蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶、腺苷脱氨酶、细胞分类计数和细胞病理。（3）建议用Light标准来区分渗出液和漏出液；部分漏出液经Light标准可能被误判为渗出液；如果存在心脏疾病，而胸腔积液判断为渗出液，建议检测胸腔积液N-端脑钠肽前体或血清-胸腔积液白蛋白梯度协助判断。（4）针对胸腔积液样本检测未能明确病因的患者，推荐行胸膜活检，CT或超声引导下胸膜活检准确性更高。经胸腔积液实验室检测和（或）胸膜活检未能明确病因者，建议行胸腔镜检查。第二章主要推荐意见如下：（1）胸腔积液细胞病理显示为异型细胞、可疑恶性或恶性细胞，建议获取更多样本或通过免疫细胞化学协助确诊及分型。（2）建议用液体培养基进行结核分枝杆菌（MTB）培养以提高阳性率。推荐在疑诊结核性胸腔积液时进行分子诊断（核酸扩增或Xpert MTB/RIF）。疑诊结核性胸腔积液而胸腔积液检查未能确诊者，推荐行CT或超声引导下胸膜活检或胸腔镜获取胸膜组织行抗酸染色、结核分枝杆菌核酸扩增和培养。（3）推荐检测胸腔积液C反应蛋白协助鉴别非复杂性肺炎旁胸腔积液（PPE）和复杂性PPE。对PPE和脓胸患者，建议将胸腔积液接种到血液培养瓶中，或将超声引导下胸膜活检的标本进行培养，提高培养阳性率。第三章主要推荐意见如下：（1）如果胸腔积液不能用常见病因解释，建议综合分析患者的病史、临床表现、积液特征和活检病理结果等，以排查少见和罕见病因。（2）临床疑诊乳糜胸或假性乳糜胸，推荐检测胸腔积液中是否存在乳糜微粒或胆固醇晶体，并检测胸腔积液甘油三酯和胆固醇水平。（3）胸腔积液可能是多种病因共同作用的结果，对伴胸腔积液的重症患者，建议排查心力衰竭、低蛋白血症、胸腔感染等因素。（4）对于经胸腔镜胸膜活检仍未明确病因的胸腔积液患者，建议密切随访至少2年以排除恶性疾病。.

The consensus published in this issue was developed over a period of 1.5 years, and it was discussed and revised by the expertpanel from pleural and mediastinal diseases working group (preparatory) of Chinese Thoracic Society and external experts in several meetings. This article introduced the purpose, process and thinking in the writing of the consensus, hoping to provide a reference for readers to understand the content of this consensus and to make reasonable application in clinical practice.
本期发表的“胸腔积液诊断的中国专家共识”制定历时1年半，由中华医学会呼吸病学分会胸膜与纵隔疾病学组（筹）专家以及相关领域专家经过多次会议讨论和修订制定而成。本文对共识撰写历程和撰写工作中的思考进行介绍，希望为读者理解本共识的内容和合理选择应用提供参考。.

The management of recurrent pleural effusions remains a challenging issue for clinicians. Advances in management have led to increased use of indwelling tunneled pleural catheters (IPC) because of their effectiveness and ease of outpatient placement. However, with the increase in IPC placement there have also been increasing reports of complications, including infections. Currently there is minimal guidance in IPC-related management issues after placement.
Our objective was to formulate clinical consensus statements related to perioperative and long-term IPC catheter management based on a modified Delphi process from experts in pleural disease management.
Expert panel members used a modified Delphi process to reach consensus on common perioperative and long-term management options related to IPC use. Members were identified from multiple countries, specialties, and practice settings. A series of meetings and anonymous online surveys were completed. Responses were used to formulate consensus statements among panel experts, using a modified Delphi process. Consensus was defined a priori as greater than 80% agreement among panel constituents.
A total of 25 physicians participated in this project. The following topics were addressed during the process: definition of an IPC infection, management of IPC-related infectious complications, interventions to prevent IPC infections, IPC-related obstruction/malfunction management, assessment of IPC removal, and instructions regarding IPC management by patients and caregivers. Strong consensus was obtained on 36 statements. No consensus was obtained on 29 statements.
The management of recurrent pleural disease with IPC remains complex and challenging. This statement offers statements for care in numerous areas related to IPC management based on expert consensus and identifies areas that lack consensus. Further studies related to long-term management of IPC are warranted.

细胞学诊断在识别良性或恶性病因所致浆膜腔积液的检查中起着至关重要的作用。而恶性浆膜腔积液中，细胞学检查有助于确定肿瘤的组织学类型、部位和分期，并借助辅助检查指导临床的精准治疗。但是，目前国内对于浆膜腔积液细胞学标本，没有公认一致的报告系统。为规范浆膜腔积液的细胞学诊断，中华医学会病理学分会细胞病理学组，经过反复讨论，对浆膜腔积液样本的送检、保存、制作、评估、辅助检查的应用及报告形式等形成共识。.

BACKGROUND: The evolution of the microbial epidemiology of pleuropulmonary infections complicating community-acquired pneumonia has resulted in a change in empirical or targeted antibiotic therapy in children in the post Prevenar 13 era. The three main pathogens involved in pleural empyema in children are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus.
METHODS: A questionnaire according to the DELPHI method was sent to experts in the field (paediatric pulmonologists and infectious disease specialists) in France with the purpose of reaching a consensus on the conservative antibiotic treatment of pleural empyema in children. Two rounds were completed as part of this DELPHI process.
RESULTS: Our work has shown that in the absence of clinical signs of severity, the prescription of an intravenous monotherapy is consensual but there is no agreement on the choice of drug to use. A consensus was also reached on treatment adjustment based on the results of blood cultures, the non-systematic use of a combination therapy, the need for continued oral therapy and the lack of impact of pleural drainage on infection control. On the other hand, after the second round of DELPHI, there was no consensus on the duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and on the treatment of severe pleural empyema, especially when caused by Staphylococci.
CONCLUSIONS: The result of this work highlights the needed for new French recommendations based on the evolution of microbial epidemiology in the post PCV13 era.

暂无摘要。

This Guideline, a collaborative effort from the American Thoracic Society, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society of Thoracic Radiology, aims to provide evidence-based recommendations to guide contemporary management of patients with a malignant pleural effusion (MPE).
A multidisciplinary panel developed seven questions using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes) format. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach and the Evidence to Decision framework was applied to each question. Recommendations were formulated, discussed, and approved by the entire panel.
The panel made weak recommendations in favor of: 1) using ultrasound to guide pleural interventions; 2) not performing pleural interventions in asymptomatic patients with MPE; 3) using either an indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) or chemical pleurodesis in symptomatic patients with MPE and suspected expandable lung; 4) performing large-volume thoracentesis to assess symptomatic response and lung expansion; 5) using either talc poudrage or talc slurry for chemical pleurodesis; 6) using IPC instead of chemical pleurodesis in patients with nonexpandable lung or failed pleurodesis; and 7) treating IPC-associated infections with antibiotics and not removing the catheter.
These recommendations, based on the best available evidence, can guide management of patients with MPE and improve patient outcomes.