小反刍动物(PPR)是家养小反刍动物的重要跨界动物疾病,骆驼,和野生偶蹄动物。该疾病对依赖牲畜谋生的社区具有重大的社会经济影响,并威胁到濒临灭绝的易感野生物种。这次审查的目的是描述将PPR引入坦桑尼亚及其随后传播到该国不同地区的情况。在线数据库搜索同行评审和灰色文献,从坦桑尼亚区域兽医调查中心和实验室获得正式和非正式报告,并联系了参与PPR监测的兽医人员。2008年在坦桑尼亚北部证实了PPR病毒(PPRV),尽管1998年和2004年在该地区收集的样本的血清学数据以及2003年该病毒已经在乌干达传播的证据表明,PPRV可能比这更早出现。在坦桑尼亚建立的病毒很可能是在2006-7年间通过小反刍动物的跨境流动从肯尼亚引入的,以进行贸易或放牧资源,然后传播到东部,中央,从2008年到2010年,坦桑尼亚南部通过牧民和商人的小反刍动物运动。根据截至2012年收集的血清,野生动植物中没有PPRV血清转化的证据,这表明它们在坦桑尼亚建立PPRV中没有发挥载体或桥梁作用。PPRV谱系II,已经检测到III和IV,表明已经有几种病毒引入。PPRV现在被认为是坦桑尼亚绵羊和山羊的地方病,但是在坦桑尼亚的野生动物物种中没有PPR临床疾病的证据,尽管2014年从几种野生反刍动物中采集的血清样本为PPRV血清阳性.同样,在牛和骆驼中未观察到PPR疾病。在这些非典型宿主中,血清学证据表明暴露于PPRV感染,最有可能是通过受感染的绵羊和山羊的溢出。坦桑尼亚根除PPRV的一些挑战包括小反刍动物的运动,包括越境转移,以及兽医服务在疾病监测和疫苗接种方面的能力。使用野生动植物和非典型的家庭宿主进行PPR监测是牲畜中PPRV特有性和持续循环的有用指标,特别是在实施疫苗接种期间,以控制或消除绵羊和山羊的疾病。PPR疾病在坦桑尼亚具有重大的社会经济影响,这证明了对全面根除PPRV计划的投资是合理的。
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important transboundary animal disease of domestic small ruminants, camels, and wild artiodactyls. The disease has significant socio-economic impact on communities that depend on livestock for their livelihood and is a threat to endangered susceptible wild species. The aim of this
review was to describe the introduction of PPR to Tanzania and its subsequent spread to different parts of the country. On-line databases were searched for peer-reviewed and grey literature, formal and informal reports were obtained from Tanzanian Zonal Veterinary Investigation Centres and Laboratories, and Veterinary Officers involved with PPR surveillance were contacted. PPR virus (PPRV) was confirmed in northern Tanzania in 2008, although serological data from samples collected in the region in 1998 and 2004, and evidence that the virus was already circulating in Uganda in 2003, suggests that PPRV might have been present earlier than this. It is likely that the virus which became established in Tanzania was introduced from Kenya between 2006-7 through the cross-border movement of small ruminants for trade or grazing resources, and then spread to eastern, central, and southern Tanzania from 2008 to 2010 through movement of small ruminants by pastoralists and traders. There was no evidence of PPRV sero-conversion in wildlife based on sera collected up to 2012, suggesting that they did not play a vectoring or bridging role in the establishment of PPRV in Tanzania. PPRV lineages II, III and IV have been detected, indicating that there have been several virus introductions. PPRV is now considered to be endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, but there has been no evidence of PPR clinical disease in wildlife species in Tanzania, although serum samples collected in 2014 from several wild ruminant species were PPRV sero-positive. Similarly, no PPR disease has been observed in cattle and camels. In these atypical hosts, serological evidence indicates exposure to PPRV infection, most likely through spillover from infected sheep and goats. Some of the challenges for PPRV eradication in Tanzania include movements of small ruminants, including transboundary movements, and the capacity of veterinary services for disease surveillance and vaccination. Using wildlife and atypical domestic hosts for PPR surveillance is a useful indicator of endemism and the ongoing circulation of PPRV in livestock, especially during the implementation of vaccination to control or eliminate the disease in sheep and goats. PPR disease has a major socio-economic impact in Tanzania, which justifies the investment in a comprehensive PPRV eradication programme.