UNASSIGNED: Compare peripheral contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) between myopes and emmetropes to reveal potential myogenic risks during emmetropization.
UNASSIGNED: This observational, cross-sectional, non-consecutive case study included data from 19 myopes (23.42 ± 4.03 years old) and 12 emmetropes (22.93 ± 2.91 years old) who underwent central and peripheral quick CSF (qCSF) measurements. Summary CSF metrics including the cut-off spatial frequency (cut-off SF), area under log CSF (AULCSF), low-, intermediate-, and high-spatial-frequency AULCSFs (l-, i-, and h-SF AULCSFs), and log CS at 19 SFs in the fovea and 15 peripheral locations (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants at 6, 12, 18, and 24° eccentricities, excluding the physiological scotoma at 18°) were analyzed with 3-way and 4-way between-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Three-way ANOVA showed that myopes had significantly increased AULCSF at 6° (mean difference, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.02-0.13; P = 0.007) and 12° (mean difference, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03-0.14; P = 0.003). Log CS at all 19 SFs were higher in the myopia group compared to the normal group (mean differencesuperior, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.20; P = 0.02 and mean differenceinferior, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02-0.21; P = 0.01) at 12°. The h-SF AULCSF at 6° (mean differenceinferior, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.32-2.22; P = 0.009) and i-SF AULCSF at 12° (mean differencesuperior, 5.31; 95% CI, 4.35-6.27; P < 0.001; mean differenceinferior, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.19-2.10; P = 0.02) were higher in myopia vs. normal group.
UNASSIGNED: We found myopia increased contrast sensitivity in superior and inferior visual field locations at 6° parafoveal and 12° perifoveal regions of the retina. The observation of increased contrast sensitivities within the macula visual field in myopia might provide important insights for myopia control during emmetropization.

To evaluate the macular and optic nerve head (ONH) vascular density, foveal avascular zone area, and outer retina and choriocapillaris flow in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).
Ten eyes of 10 patients with JDM and 15 age and sex-matched healthy controls were investigated in this prospective, cross-sectional study. The superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), ONH, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters, the flow area of the outer retina, and choriocapillaris were evaluated using OCTA.
Vessel density (VD) of the parafovea (p = 0.036) and parafoveal subregions (p = 0.041 for superior hemifield, p = 0.031 for inferior hemifield, p = 0.012 for superior, p = 0.019 for nasal, p = 0.026 for inferior, and p = 0.048 for temporal) in DCP were significantly lower in the JDM group compared to healthy controls. A high inverse correlation between disease duration and these parameters was found except parafoveal superior VD in DCP. There was no significant difference between the groups in VD parameters of SCP and ONH, FAZ parameters, outer retina, and choriocapillaris flow area as well as thickness parameters. (p > 0.05 for all). Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed that all parafoveal DCP parameters showed good ability to differentiate JDM from healthy controls.
We demonstrated a decreased vessel density in the deep parafoveal region in JDM. As a result, we hypothesized that OCTA could detect retinal microvascular changes in JDM patients who did not have clinical evidence of ocular involvement.

This study explores whether semantic processing in parafoveal reading in the Italian language is modulated by the perceptual and lexical features of stimuli by analyzing the results of the rapid parallel visual presentation (RPVP) paradigm experiment, which simultaneously presented two words, with one in the fovea and one in the parafovea. The words were randomly sampled from a set of semantically related and semantically unrelated pairs. The accuracy and reaction times in reading the words were measured as a function of the stimulus length and written word frequency. Fewer errors were observed in reading parafoveal words when they were semantically related to the foveal ones, and a larger semantic facilitatory effect was observed when the foveal word was highly frequent and the parafoveal word was short. Analysis of the reaction times suggests that the semantic relation between the two words sped up the naming of the foveal word when both words were short and highly frequent. Altogether, these results add further evidence in favor of the semantic processing of words in the parafovea during reading, modulated by the orthographic and lexical features of the stimuli. The results are discussed within the context of the most prominent models of word processing and eye movement controls in reading.

Due to capacity limitation, visual attention must be focused to a limited region of the visual field. Nevertheless, it is assumed that the size of that region may vary with task demands. We aimed to obtain direct evidence for the modulation of visuospatial attention as a function of foveal and parafoveal task load. Participants were required to fixate the center word of word triplets. In separate task blocks, either just the fixated word or both the fixated and the parafoveal word to the right should be semantically classified. The spatiotemporal distribution of attention was assessed with task-irrelevant probes flashed briefly at center or parafoveal positions, during or in between word presentation trials. The N1 component of the ERP elicited by intertrial probes at possible target positions increased with task demands within a block. These results suggest the recruitment of additional attentional resources rather than a redistribution of a fixed resource pool, which persists across trials.