背景:锥虫,一种多年生草本植物,属于兰科,零星分布在北欧200-4700米的海拔高度,温带和亚热带亚洲地区。conopsea的干块茎已用于治疗咳嗽,哮喘,和他们的综合症,在中国和周边国家也是一种滋补品,有着悠久的历史。G.conopsea通常在使用前进行深加工以增强其功效。近年来,由于其显著的药理活性和保健功能,G.conopsea已被越来越广泛地使用。由于其广泛的应用和恶劣的生长环境,果壳的野生分布正在减少,已被列为濒危植物。
目的:这篇综述旨在总结繁殖和育种,传统用途,化学成分,药理学,质量控制,和G.conopsea的加工。此外,同时也为今后龙须草的高值化利用提供了建议。
方法:使用包括SciFinder在内的科学数据库对Gymnadenia属和G.conopsea进行了文献检索,ACS,WebofScience,Springer,ScienceDirect,PubMed,和CNKI。还从中草药经典书籍中收集了信息,官方网站,博士和硕士论文,等等。通过ChemDraw软件绘制化合物的结构。
结果:截至本手稿提交之日,总共170种天然化合物已经从G.conopsea中分离和表征,所有的化合物都是从块茎中分离出来的。分离的化合物包括苄基酯葡糖苷,二氢二苯乙烯,菲,酚类化合物,生物碱,多糖,木脂素,黄酮,三萜类,类固醇,和其他化合物。其中一些化合物和活性提取物表现出广泛的药理活性,其中,补品,抗疲劳,抗氧化剂,抗病毒,镇静和催眠活动与治疗疾病的传统用途一致。此外,各种新的药理活性,如预防和治疗胃溃疡,免疫调节,抗高脂血症,抗过敏反应,抗矽肺,抗癌和神经保护活性也有报道。然而,到目前为止,负责大多数上述药理作用的生物活性化合物尚未得到很好的总结。在这份手稿中,分析,进行了推测和负责药理作用的化合物的总结。
结论:在此背景下,对松果草提取物的化学成分和药理活性研究进行了总结,还根据出版物分析和推导了负责药理活性的分离化合物,所有这些都为将来G的高价值利用提出了建议。
BACKGROUND: Gymnadenia conopsea, a perennial herbaceous flowering plant that belongs to the family of
Orchidaceae, sporadic distributed in the altitudes of 200-4700 m across northern Europe and, temperate and subtropical Asia region. The dried tubers of G. conopsea have been used to treat cough, asthma, and their syndromes, and also as a tonic in China and surrounding countries for a long history. G. conopsea is often processed deeply processed before use to enhance its efficacy. In recent years, because of its remarkable pharmacological activity and health care function, G. conopsea has been used more and more widely. Due to its extensive application and bad growth environment, the wild distribution of G. conopsea is decreasing and it has been listed as an endangered plant.
OBJECTIVE: This
review aims to summarize the propagation and breeding, traditional uses, chemical composition, pharmacology, quality control, and processing of G. conopsea. Moreover, it also provides suggestions for the future high-value utilization of G. conopsea.
METHODS: A literature search on Gymnadenia genus and G. conopsea was performed using scientific databases including SciFinder, ACS, Web of Science, Springer, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and CNKI. Information was also collected from classic books of Chinese herbal medicine, official websites, Ph.D. and M.Sc. Dissertations, and so on. Structures of chemical compounds were drawn by ChemDraw software.
RESULTS: As of submission date of this manuscript, total 170 natural compounds have been isolated and characterized from G. conopsea, and all of the compounds were isolated from the tubers. The isolated compounds including benzylester glucosides, dihydrostilbenes, phenanthrenes, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharide, lignans, flavones, triterpenoids, steroids, and other compounds. Some of these compounds and active extracts exhibited a wide range of pharmacological activities, in which, the tonifying, anti-fatigue, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, sedative and hypnotic activities are consistent with the traditional uses for the treatment of diseases. In addition, a variety of new pharmacological activities, such as preventing and treating gastric ulcers, immunoregulatory, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-anaphylaxis, anti-silicosis, anti-cancer and neuroprotective activities have also been reported. However, the bioactive compounds responsible for most of the above pharmacological effects have not been well summarised till now. In this manuscript, analysis, speculation and summary of compounds that responsible for pharmacological effects were conducted.
CONCLUSIONS: The chemical constituents and pharmacological activities studies of G. conopsea extract have been summarised in this context, the isolated compounds responsible for the pharmacological activities were also analyzed and deduced according to the publications, all above led to suggestions for the future high-value utilization of G. conopsea.