Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia (SOD) is a rare and unusual nonhereditary developmental disorder that affects one side of the maxilla, impacting the hard tissue, soft tissue, and dentition in the affected area. It most frequently presents with enlargement of the gingival and osseous tissue of the affected side and hypodontia of the involved quadrant. Cutaneous irregularities of the impacted area are also common. We report a case of SOD arising in the right maxilla of a three-year-old female. Our report and review of the literature highlight the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic characteristics of SOD, as well as the management of patients and the proposed etiologies of its pathogenesis.

Regional odontodysplasia (ROD) is a localized developmental anomaly involving deciduous and permanent dentition, with a significant impact on patients. The affected teeth display unique ghost-like radiological characteristics, clinically manifesting as delayed tooth eruption, abnormal tooth morphology, and recurrent swelling of gingiva. In this paper, we report a case of a 2-year-old patient with ROD whose chief complaint was facial cellulitis. We analyze the medical history, clinical examination, radiographic findings, and histologic findings, and review the pathological features, pathogenesis, multidisciplinary diagnosis, and treatment of ROD. This rare case, which offers clinical samples for its further study, can provide a deeper study of ROD.
区域性牙发育不良（ROD）是一种局部乳恒牙发育异常，具有独特的鬼影样影像学表现，临床表现为牙齿萌出延迟、形态异常，牙周软组织反复肿胀等，对患者影响深远。本文报告1例因面部肿胀就诊的2岁患儿，通过病史、口腔检查、影像学及组织学检查，结合文献回顾，分析其病理特征、可能发病机制、多学科诊治特点，帮助临床医师深入了解这类罕见病，为进一步研究提供临床样本。.

Regional odontodysplasia is a rare developmental disorder characterised by hypoplasia and hypomineralisation of enamel and dentin. Our systematic review aimed to organise the knowledge on localisation, symptomatology and treatment methods in patients with regional odontodysplasia based on case reports published in the databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Case reports were described in 28 different countries, considering 180 patients (including 91 females). Regional odontodysplasia occurs mainly in both deciduous and permanent dentition (66.1%). The affected teeth were observed more frequently in the maxilla (70.0%), especially on the left side (45.6%). The most common reported symptoms were ghost teeth, poorly developed buds, yellowish-brown colour of crowns and delayed eruption of permanent teeth in affected quadrants. The most popular treatment method was surgical treatment (78.6%) with subsequent prosthetic therapy (34.6%). Based on the review of cases, pathognomonic clinical and radiological signs can be found, however, it is difficult to reach a consensus on the choice of treatment method.

OBJECTIVE: Regional odontodysplasia (RO) is a rare dental anomaly affecting primary and/or permanent dentition, and leads to comprehensive treatment need. The purpose of this study was to present a larger consecutive sample with RO, discuss treatment strategies for patients with RO, and review the literature.
METHODS: A consecutive, retrospective sample of seven children with RO (6 males, 1 female) including all patients diagnosed with RO in the eastern part of Denmark was conducted over a period of 15 years. The evaluation included gender, localisation and treatment outcome. A review of the literature and cases published within the last 15 years was conducted.
RESULTS: Referral age was 2-12 years (mean: 7.3 years). The gender ratio was 1:6 (female:male), and the right:left ratio was 3:4. 71% of the patients had RO in the mandible and 29% in the maxilla. 43% had RO in the permanent dentition, while both primary and permanent dentition were affected in 57%. Typically, RO affected incisors and canines. In some patients, RO also affected more distal tooth types. Treatment included early multiple extractions and subsequent combined orthodontics, surgery and prosthetics. A search on RO cases published within the last 15 years was conducted and included 44 cases. The review showed a male and maxillary preponderance. The most common treatment of RO is extraction.
CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of RO should take place in interdisciplinary, specialised teams, and individual treatment plans should be designed. Fewer but more extensive treatment sessions under general anesthaesia may minimise the burden of care for the patients.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate for the first time whether the regenerative approach can be used to rehabilitate a case with regional odontodysplasia (ROD). ROD is a rare, localized developmental anomaly of the dental tissues. Moreover, we review the various treatment protocols for ROD and compare them to the suggested regenerative protocol.
METHODS: A 22-year-old female patient diagnosed with ROD in the upper left quadrant was presented to our clinic. Initially, the affected teeth were extracted and three implants were inserted. A combination of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) seeded on a collagen sponge, nanohydroxyapatite, and autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was used to enhance bone regeneration in the defective area and around the inserted implants. After 9 months, bone regeneration and successful osteointegration around the inserted implants were achieved, permitting the insertion of a fourth implant. After an additional six months, a final fixed restoration was constructed.
CONCLUSIONS: The suggested regenerative approach provides a better treatment option for ROD patients to regenerate the lost bone, rehabilitate aesthetics, and restore normal function.

The aim of this article was to review the literature and present a case of regional odontodysplasia (ROD) with special emphasis on clinical and radiographic features. A 6-year-old girl was referred to our department with the chief complaint of missing her permanent maxillary left central incisor, lateral incisor, and both of her canines. The gingiva of the involved region was enlarged, fibrous, and tense. Radiographic examination showed abnormal tooth formation and shortened roots. After 3 years of follow up with temporary prosthetic rehabilitation, periodontal surgery was performed. Following forced eruption and levelling, abnormal tooth eruption and root development were observed. ProRoot MTA (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used for root canal treatment. Intracanal fiber posts selected and access cavities were restored with composite resin. Prosthetic rehabilitation was completed with zirconia ceramic crowns. The time of diagnosis, characteristics of the present/existing symptoms, and functional and esthetic needs of the patient should be considered to determine the optimal treatment modality for ROD.
Bu makalenin amacı bir rejyonel odontodisplazi (ROD) olgusunun klinik ve radyografik özelliklerini sunmak ve bu konu ile ilgili güncel kaynakları derlemektir. 6 yaşındaki kız hasta üst çene sürekli orta kesici, yan kesici ve kanin dişilerindeki sürme problemleri ve bu dişlerin eksikliği şikayetleri ile kliniğimize başvurmuştur. Klinik muayenede etkilenen bölgede dişetinin büyümüş, fibröz ve gergin olduğu izlenmiştir. Radyografik muayenede kısa köklü anormal şekilli dişler izlenmiştir. Hasta geçici protez ile 3 yıl takip edildikten sonra periodontal cerrahi uygulanmıştır. Dişlerin sürdürülmesi ve ortodontik olarak sıralanmasını takiben anormal diş sürmesi ve anormal kök gelişimi izlenmiştir. ProRoot MTA (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) materyali ile kök kanal tedavisi sonrası fiber post seçilmiş ve zirkonyum seramik kuronlar uygulanmıştır. ROD olgularında en uygun tedavi yaklaşımını seçmek için tanı zamanı, mevcut belirtiler ve hastanın işlevsel ya da estetik gereksinimleri değerlendirilmelidir.

The purpose of this report was to describe the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of a case of regional odonto- dysplasia (RA) in a seven-year-old boy who was followed for approximately two years. The case is unusual in that the dysplasia occurred in the mandible, and there was a normal-appearing tooth within the lesion, suggesting that there may be local factors that determine susceptibility of individual teeth in RA. The diagnosis of RA was based on the typical features of \"ghost\" teeth and evidence of disrupted calcification characterized by psammomatous bodies, hypomineralization of enamel, and the presence of interglobular dentin. Sequential orthopantomograms provide evidence of delayed dental development.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to report some unusual characteristics related to gender, location and manifestations of severe Regional Odontodysplasia detected in three subjects. Regional Odontodysplasia is a rare disturbance of dental development whose aetiology is still unknown. Anomalies involve enamel, dentin, pulp and dental follicle causing atypical structure, colour, shape, size and eruptive disturbances of the affected teeth. Its early onset may lead to craniofacial development disturbances.
METHODS: This article reports three cases with unusual characteristics observed in male children who were assisted by a paediatric dentist. Generally the disease affects one hemiarch and it is very rare that it crosses the midline as in one of the presented cases. Regional Odontodysplasia has been predominantly described in the maxilla and in women, however these three cases are in boys and two of them occured in the mandible.
CONCLUSIONS: Regional Odontodysplasia is a rare disease, causing severe dental, growing and craniofacial development anomalies. Treatment needs to be personalised, aiming at preservation of the affected teeth taking into account their risk to develop severe infections. Parents should be made aware of the need for an extensive follow-up.

Segmental Odontomaxillary Dysplasia (SOD) is an uncommon developmental disorder of unknown etiology that causes a unilateral alteration of the maxilla associated with an abnormal growth and maturation of bone, lack of one or both premolars and delayed tooth eruption on the affected side, alteration of adjacent gingival tissue with or without facial cutaneous lesions. Radiographically is observed an irregular trabecular pattern and reduction of the maxillary sinus. There are 50 cases reported in the English-language literature. A literature review is herein presented emphasizing the clinical, radiographic, and histological features, and three additional cases of SOD affecting a 22 years-old woman, a 18 years-old man, and a 5 years-old boy, respectively are described.

We present a rare case of a developmental anomaly called regional odontodysplasia or \'ghost teeth\' in an 8.5-year-old Jordanian girl. The anomaly affected both the mandibular primary and permanent incisors, and the canines bilaterally. The maxillary teeth were unaffected. This is the first case of the anomaly to be reported in Jordan. The clinical, radiographic and histological features are reviewed. The management of affected patients is discussed.