皮脂腺是毛囊皮脂腺的皮脂分泌成分。在这个由两部分组成的系列的第二部分中,我们回顾了皮脂腺主要和次要牵连的病理。它们主要涉及单纯性和多重性的脂肪囊,皮脂腺增生,皮脂瘤,皮脂腺腺瘤,皮脂腺癌,痣,和毛囊皮脂腺囊性错构瘤。皮脂腺继发于寻常痤疮,脂溢性皮炎,和雄激素性脱发。多发性脂肪囊肿是一种良性先天性异常,主要表现为上身的黄色囊肿。皮脂腺增生的特点是黄色,带有中央戴尔的毛细血管扩张丘疹,它可以用局部类维生素A或手术切除治疗。皮脂瘤在临床上表现为头颈部区域的皮肤色结节,可以通过免疫组织化学进行区分。用于皮脂腺腺瘤和癌的诊断的染色包括上皮膜抗原和亲脂素免疫过氧化物酶。手术切除是皮脂腺瘤的首选治疗方法,皮脂腺腺瘤,和皮脂腺癌.对于痣并不总是指示切除。毛囊皮脂腺囊性错构瘤是一种相对罕见的疾病,同时表现出上皮和间质成分。寻常痤疮患者通常表现为闭合性和开放性粉刺丘疹,表现为过度角化。脂溢性皮炎表现为清晰的黄色或红色斑块或斑块;抗真菌剂,皮质类固醇,和组合抗真菌/抗炎疗法是常见的治疗方式。由于毛囊小型化,女性雄激素性脱发表现为弥漫性头发稀疏,而男性往往会出现秃顶和发际线衰退。
Sebaceous glands are sebum-secreting components of pilosebaceous units. In the second of this two-part series, we review the pathologies in which sebaceous glands are primarily and secondarily implicated. They are primarily involved in steatocystoma simplex and multiplex, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, sebaceoma, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous carcinoma, nevus sebaceus, and folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma. Sebaceous glands are secondarily involved in acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and androgenic alopecia. Steatocystoma multiplex is a benign congenital anomaly presenting as yellow cysts primarily on the upper body. Sebaceous gland hyperplasia is characterized by yellow, telangiectatic papules with a central dell, and it can be treated with topical retinoids or surgical excision. Sebaceoma clinically presents on the head and neck region as a skin-colored nodule and can be distinguished by immunohistochemistry. Stains used in the diagnosis of sebaceous adenoma and carcinoma include epithelial membrane antigen and adipophilin immunoperoxidase. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment for sebaceoma, sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous carcinoma. Excision is not always indicated for nevus sebaceus. Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma is a relatively rare condition exhibiting both epithelial and mesenchymal components. Patients with acne vulgaris commonly present with papules of closed and open comedones displaying hypercornification. Seborrheic dermatitis presents as sharply demarcated yellow or red patches or plaques; antifungal agents, corticosteroids, and combination antifungal/anti-inflammatory therapies are common treatment modalities. As a result of hair follicle miniaturization, females with androgenic alopecia present with diffuse hair thinning, while men tend to present with balding and hairline recession.