Cubosomes, a novel drug delivery system, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique self-assembled structures and enhanced drug encapsulation capabilities. They are administered by oral, ophthalmic, transdermal, and chemotherapeutic routes, to name a few. Due to their many potential benefits-which include high drug dispersal due to the cubic structure, a large surface area, a relatively simple manufacturing process, biodegradability, the capacity to encapsulate hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic compounds, targeted and controlled release of bioactive agents, and the biodegradability of lipids-cubosomes show enormous promise in drug nanoformulations for cancer therapeutics. The most common preparation method involves emulsifying a monoglyceride with a polymer, homogenizing, and then sonicating the mixture. Two distinct approaches to preparing are top-down and bottom-up. This evaluation will examine the materials, methods of preparation, cubosome-related drug encapsulating techniques, drug loading, release mechanism, and their uses. The following databases were used for literature searches: PubMed, Frontiers, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, and MDPI. For the purpose of finding pertinent articles and contents (2015-2024), the keywords \"cubosome; drug delivery systems, nano-carrier, theranostic, drug release mechanism\" and others of a similar nature were utilized. This review will conduct a comprehensive analysis of the cubosome-related composition, production methods, drug encapsulating strategies, drug release mechanisms, and applications. Moreover, the difficulties encountered in fine-tuning different parameters to improve loading capabilities and prospects are also discussed. Innovation in pharmaceutical research and development can be stimulated by the knowledge gathered about cubosomal drug delivery methods. Through the clarification of the mechanisms involved in drug release from cubosomes and the investigation of innovative fabrication procedures, scientists can enhance the cubosomal formulation design for targeted therapeutic uses.

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Climate change imposes various environmental stresses which substantially impact plant growth and productivity. Salinity, drought, temperature extremes, heavy metals, and nutritional imbalances are among several abiotic stresses contributing to high yield losses of crops in various parts of the world, resulting in food insecurity. Many interesting strategies are being researched in the attempt to improve plants\' environmental stress tolerance. These include the application of nanoparticles, which have been found to improve plant function under stress situations. Nanotechnology will be a key driver in the upcoming agri-tech and pharmaceutical revolution, which promises a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient agricultural and medical system Nano-fertilizers can help plants utilise nutrients more efficiently by releasing nutrients slowly and sustainably. Plant physiology and nanomaterial features (such as size, shape, and charge) are important aspects influencing the impact on plant growth. Here, we discussed the most promising new opportunities and methodologies for using nanotechnology to increase the efficiency of critical inputs for crop agriculture, as well as to better manage biotic and abiotic stress. Potential development and implementation challenges are highlighted, emphasising the importance of designing suggested nanotechnologies using a systems approach. Finally, the strengths, flaws, possibilities, and risks of nanotechnology are assessed and analysed in order to present a comprehensive and clear picture of the nanotechnology potentials, as well as future paths for nano-based agri-food applications towards sustainability. Future research directions have been established in order to support research towards the long-term development of nano-enabled agriculture and evolution of pharmaceutical industry.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is characterized as the leading cause of death, and the susceptibility of cancer cells to develop resistance due to long-term exposure to complementary chemotherapeutic treatment is referred to as multidrug resistance cancer cells (MDRC), which is a significant obstacle in the treatment of malignancies. Since complementary medicine lost its effectiveness, the development of potential alternative and novel therapeutic approaches has been elevated to a top priority in recent years. In this context, a bioactive protein lectin from plant and animal sources exhibits an invaluable source of anticancer agents with vast therapeutic potential.
OBJECTIVE: This manuscript\'s primary purpose is to enlighten the evidence-based (from 1986 to 2022) possible molecular mechanism of alternative treatment approaches using lectins over the complementary medicines used for cancer treatment.
METHODS: The PRISMA rules have been followed properly and qualitative and quantitative data are synthesized systematically. Articles were identified based on Clinical and preclinical reports published on lectin that investigated the in-depth cellular mechanisms, of reverse drug integrative oncology, as a nano-carried targeted delivery. Articles were systematically screened from 1986 to 2022 and selected based on electronic database searches, Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, Web of Science, Encyclopaedias, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov database.
RESULTS: The search turned up 4,212 publications from 38 different nations, of which 170 reference articles were used in our analysis, in 16 combination therapy and their mode of action, and 27 clinical trial studies including dosage and mechanism of action were included. Reports from the 30 lectins belonging to 28 different families have been included. The reversal mechanism of lectin and alternative therapy against MDRC is critically screened and according to a few clinical and preclinical reports, lectin can suppress the overexpressing genes like P-53, EGFR, and P-gp, MRP, and ABC transporter proteins associated with intracellular transportation of drugs. Since, the drug efflux mechanism leads to MDRC, in this phenomenon, lectin plays a key role in reversing the efflux mechanism. Few preclinical reports have mentioned that lectin shows synergism in combination with complementary medicine and as a nano drug carrier helps to deliver to the targeted site.
CONCLUSIONS: We have discussed the alternative therapy using lectin and an in-depth insight into the reversal drug resistance mechanisms to combat MDRC cancer, enhance the efficacy, reduce toxicity and adverse events, and ensure targeted delivery, and their application in the field of cancer diagnosis and prognosis has been discussed. However, further investigation is necessary in drug development and clinical trials which could be helpful to elaborate the reversal mechanism and unlock newer treatment modalities in MDRC cancer.

Tea polyphenols (TPs) are important bioactive compounds in tea and have excellent physiological regulation functions. However, the extraction and purification of TPs are key technologies affecting their further application, and the chemical instability, poor bioavailability of TPs are major challenges for researchers. In the past decade, therefore, research and development of advanced carrier systems for the delivery of TPs has been greatly promoted to improve their poor stability and poor bioavailability. In this review, the properties and function of TPs are introduced, and the recent advances in the extraction and purification technologies are systematically summarized. Particularly, the intelligent delivery of TPs via novel nano-carriers is critically reviewed, and the application of TPs nano-delivery system in medical field and food industry is also described. Finally, the main limitations, current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted in order to provide research ideas for exploiting nano-delivery carriers and their application in TPs.

Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most prevalent genetic disorders in humans. The use of new approaches in genetic engineering and nanotechnology methods in combination with natural cellular phenomenon can modify the disease in affected people. We consider two CRISPR/Cas9 systems to cut a specific region from short arm of the chromosome 21 (Chr21) and replace it with a novel designed DNA construct, containing the essential genes in chromatin remodeling for inactivating of an extra Chr21. This requires mimicking of the natural cellular pattern for inactivation of the extra X chromosome in females. By means of controlled dosage of an appropriate Nano-carrier (a surface engineered Poly D, L-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) for integrating the relevant construct in Trisomy21 brain cell culture media and then in DS mouse model, we would be able to evaluate the modification and the reduction of the active extra Chr21 and in turn reduce substantial adverse effects of the disease, like intellectual disabilities. The hypothesis and study seek new insights in Down syndrome modification.