Multiple stressors

多重压力源
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    热带河流三角洲,以及它们维持的社会生态系统,由于人为活动和气候变化,正在迅速变化。迫切需要基线数据来为弹性三角洲的可持续管理选择提供信息,而古生物学(从湖泊或湿地沉积物重建过去的条件)可以提供确定驱动因素和变化率所需的关键长期观点。我们回顾了古生物学如何成为资源管理者的宝贵工具,使用热带三角洲地区面临的三个当前问题:水文和沉积物供应,盐碱化和营养污染。还讨论了古生物学方法解开多种应激源的独特能力。我们展示了古生物学是如何被用来理解这些问题的,在其他水生环境中,纳入政策。古生物学是了解人为影响如何与其他环境压力源相互作用的关键工具,为政策制定者和资源管理者提供可以实施的“全局”视图和可能的整体解决方案。
    Tropical river deltas, and the social-ecological systems they sustain, are changing rapidly due to anthropogenic activity and climatic change. Baseline data to inform sustainable management options for resilient deltas is urgently needed and palaeolimnology (reconstructing past conditions from lake or wetland deposits) can provide crucial long-term perspectives needed to identify drivers and rates of change. We review how palaeolimnology can be a valuable tool for resource managers using three current issues facing tropical delta regions: hydrology and sediment supply, salinisation and nutrient pollution. The unique ability of palaeolimnological methods to untangle multiple stressors is also discussed. We demonstrate how palaeolimnology has been used to understand each of these issues, in other aquatic environments, to be incorporated into policy. Palaeolimnology is a key tool to understanding how anthropogenic influences interact with other environmental stressors, providing policymakers and resource managers with a \'big picture\' view and possible holistic solutions that can be implemented.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在自然环境中,两个或多个非生物参数通常同时变化,和协变量参数之间的相互作用经常导致不可预测的,非加性生物反应。为了更好地了解多种压力源之间相互作用的机制和后果,重要的是研究它们不仅对适应性(生存和繁殖)而且对性能和中介生理过程的影响。飞溅池co足类Tigriopuscalifornicus耐受极端多变的非生物条件,并表现出非加性,当同时暴露于高盐度和急性热应激时,拮抗相互作用会导致更高的存活率。这里,我们研究了在同时控制盐度和温度的情况下,产形虫对活动和耗氧量的反应,以确定这种相互作用是否也出现在这些亚致死性能测量中。耗氧量和活动速率随测定盐度的增加而降低。响应于低盐度的急性转移,氧气消耗也急剧增加,转移到较高盐度时不存在的影响。温度升高导致总体活动率降低,导致温度升高对常规代谢率没有明显影响。这表明游泳活动对co足类的代谢率具有不可忽视的影响,必须在代谢研究中加以考虑。温度还与测定盐度相互作用以影响活性,并与适应盐度相互作用以影响急性盐度转移时的常规代谢率。这意味着这些共同变化因素的亚致死影响也无法从单独研究它们的实验中预测。
    In natural environments two or more abiotic parameters often vary simultaneously, and interactions between covarying parameters frequently result in unpredictable, non-additive biological responses. To better understand the mechanisms and consequences of interactions between multiple stressors it is important to study their effects on not only fitness (survival and reproduction) but also performance and intermediary physiological processes. The splashpool copepod Tigriopus californicus tolerates extremely variable abiotic conditions and exhibits a non-additive, antagonistic interaction resulting in higher survival when simultaneously exposed to high salinity and acute heat stress. Here, we investigated T. californicus\' response in activity and oxygen consumption under simultaneous manipulation of salinity and temperature to identify if this interaction also arises in these sublethal measures of performance. Oxygen consumption and activity rates decreased with increasing assay salinity. Oxygen consumption also sharply increased in response to acute transfer to lower salinities, an effect that was absent upon transfer to higher salinities. Elevated temperature led to reduced rates of activity overall, resulting in no discernible impact of increased temperature on routine metabolic rates. This suggests that swimming activity has a non-negligible effect on copepod\'s metabolic rates and must be accounted for in metabolic studies. Temperature also interacted with assay salinity to affect activity and with acclimation salinity to affect routine metabolic rates upon acute salinity transfer, implying that the sublethal impacts of these co-varying factors are also not predictable from experiments that study them in isolation.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    紫外线辐射(UVR)是影响地球生命进化的普遍因素。UVR的环境水平介导关键的生物学功能,但也可以在广泛的生物体中引起严重的致死和亚致死效应。此外,UVR是其他环境因素对机体生理学影响的强大调节剂,如温度,疾病,毒理学和pH,在其他人中。这在全球变化的背景下至关重要,对于实验生物学家来说,理解多种应激源的影响是一个关键的挑战。生态生理学家很少提供UVR讨论或在实验设计中包括UVR,即使它与他们的学习系统直接相关。在这篇评论中,我们为实验生物学家提供了一个指导,以更好地理解,when,以及如何将UVR集成到实验设计中以提高其实验的生态真实感。
    Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a pervasive factor that has shaped the evolution of life on Earth. Ambient levels of UVR mediate key biological functions but can also cause severe lethal and sublethal effects in a wide range of organisms. Furthermore, UVR is a powerful modulator of the effects of other environmental factors on organismal physiology, such as temperature, disease, toxicology and pH, among others. This is critically important in the context of global change, where understanding the effects of multiple stressors is a key challenge for experimental biologists. Ecological physiologists rarely afford UVR discussion or include UVR in experimental design, even when it is directly relevant to their study system. In this Commentary, we provide a guide for experimental biologists to better understand if, when, and how UVR can be integrated into experimental designs to improve the ecological realism of their experiments.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    气候变化,对河流沉积物的深远影响,水文,和温度动力学,会加剧对许多物种栖息地条件的影响,特别是那些依赖低潮区的脆弱早期生命阶段的人,比如砾石产卵的鱼类。由于多种压力源效应的复杂性和交互性,我们采用了大型户外中观来系统地测试三种砾石产卵鱼类棕色鳟鱼(Salmotrutta)的繁殖成功,Nase,(Chrondrostomanasus)和多瑙河鲑鱼(Huchohucho)受到变暖(3-4°C)的单独和综合影响,细沉积物(增加<0.85mm22%)和低流量(减少8倍流量)。在所有三个物种中,细沉积物对出苗率和鱼苗长度的影响最大,将褐鳟鱼的出苗率降低到零,9%的Nase,和4%的多瑙河鲑鱼。细沉积物引起的出苗死亡率明显超过孵化,这表明,由于缺氧引起的负面影响被埋葬大大加剧。作为一个单一的压力源,变暖只有轻微的影响,但是低流量使春季产卵物种Nase和多瑙河鲑鱼的出苗率降低了8%和50%,分别。在包括细沉积物在内的联合处理中,然而,所有三个物种的出现成功都产生了强烈的负面反应,即使在塞浦路斯物种Nase中,这表明压力源之间对孵化成功的交互影响很小。变暖和细小的沉积物也导致了鱼苗的早期出现,暗示与可用食物资源异步的风险。这项研究戏剧性地表明,气候变化可能对砾石产卵鱼类的繁殖成功产生有害影响,不考虑分类学或生态学特征。
    Climate change, with its profound effects on stream sediment, hydrological, and temperature dynamics, will exacerbate impacts on habitat conditions for many species, particularly those with vulnerable early life stages relying on the hyporheic zone, such as gravel-spawning fishes. Due to the complex and interactive nature of multiple stressor effects, we employed large-scale outdoor mesocosms to systemically test how the reproductive success of three gravel-spawning fish species brown trout (Salmo trutta), nase, (Chrondrostoma nasus) and Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) was affected by individual and combined effects of warming (+3-4 °C), fine sediment (increase in <0.85 mm by 22 %) and low-flow (eightfold discharge-reduction). Fine sediment had the most detrimental effect on emergence rate and fry length in all three species, reducing the emergence rate to zero in brown trout, 9 % in nase, and 4 % in Danube salmon. The emergence mortality caused by fine sediment surpassed that of hatching distinctly, suggesting that negative effects due to hypoxia were considerably exacerbated by entombment. Warming had only minor effects as a single stressor, but low flow reduced emergence rates of the spring spawning species nase and Danube salmon by 8 and 50 %, respectively. In combined treatments including fine sediment, however, the emergence success of all three species responded strongly negatively, even in the cyprinid species nase, which showed little interactive effects between stressors regarding hatching success. Warming and fine sediment also led to the earlier emergence of fry, implying a risk of asynchrony with available food resources. This study dramatically shows that climate change can have deleterious impacts on the reproductive success of gravel-spawning fish species, irrespective of taxonomic or ecological traits.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    栖息地恢复计划将受益于恢复时间表的预测。理论模型一直是为规划海洋保护区提供实用指南的有力工具,建议恢复计划也可以从理论框架中受益。我们开发了一个模型,可以预测恢复行动后的恢复时间,在分散下,招聘和连接限制。我们将该模型应用于海草恢复的案例研究,发现恢复行动后的恢复时间可能会有很大差异,从<1到>20年。该模型还显示了当恢复操作与恢复的约束相匹配时,如何加速恢复。例如,当连通性是关键限制时,可以使用传播体的传播。我们在数学上阐述的恢复约束也适用于珊瑚礁的恢复,红树林,Saltmarsh,贝礁和大型藻类森林,因此,我们的模型为选择加速沿海栖息地恢复的恢复行动提供了一个通用框架。
    Plans for habitat restoration will benefit from predictions of timescales for recovery. Theoretical models have been a powerful tool for informing practical guidelines in planning marine protected areas, suggesting restoration planning could also benefit from a theoretical framework. We developed a model that can predict recovery times following restoration action, under dispersal, recruitment and connectivity constraints. We apply the model to a case study of seagrass restoration and find recovery times following restoration action can vary greatly, from <1 to >20 years. The model also shows how recovery can be accelerated when restoration actions are matched to the constraints on recovery. For example, spreading of propagules can be used when connectivity is the critical restriction. The recovery constraints we articulated mathematically also apply to the restoration of coral reefs, mangroves, saltmarsh, shellfish reefs and macroalgal forests, so our model provides a general framework for choosing restoration actions that accelerate coastal habitat recovery.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    由于几十年持续的人为压力,低地河流是欧洲最严重受损的栖息地之一。尽管水质有所改善,新颖的压力源,尤其是气候变化,随着大多数低地河流遭受过去的水文形态退化而出现。我们的目的是阐明这种降解如何改变多应激源环境中的生物反应,因为在记录人为影响的河流的长期发展的研究中很少考虑这一点。这里,底栖大型无脊椎动物,在长达20年的时间内,对捷克9条最大的河流的水质和水文气候变量进行了监测。有关水文形态退化的详细数据使我们能够跟踪退化程度高和低的河流中的不同模式。环境变量的时间变化在两个站点组中显示出相似的模式,其特征是有机和营养污染减少,但气候和盐度胁迫增加。总丰度增加150%,特别是在两个站点组中都发现了沉积物居住和非本地分类群的丰度和丰富度。虽然丰度的增加是由于水质的改善和水温的上升,最小流量持续时间较长对物种丰富度有负面影响,阻碍物种获得,特别是在高度退化的地点。我们的结果提供了新的证据,表明水形态降解的程度会改变大型无脊椎动物对人为压力的长期反应。退化较少的站点显示出一些有利的变化,例如总量增加27%,持久性指标丰富度增加23%,和组件的稳定性,几乎没有功能变化。相比之下,高度退化的网站经历了9%的均匀度降低,非本地分类群和功能重组比例增加235%,与持续恶化相一致的变化。虽然研究地点的整体水质有所改善,气候变化和高度的水文形态降解的后果限制了多压力源低地河流中的生物恢复。
    Due to decades of persistent anthropogenic pressures, lowland rivers represent one of the most severely impaired habitats in Europe. Despite improved water quality, novel stressors, particularly climate change, are emerging with most lowland rivers suffering from past hydromorphological degradation. We aim to elucidate how such degradation alters the biological response in multiple-stressor environments, as this has rarely been considered in studies documenting long-term development of anthropogenically impacted rivers. Here, benthic macroinvertebrates, water quality and hydroclimatic variables were monitored over a period of two decades in nine of the largest Czech rivers. Detailed data on hydromorphological degradation allowed us to track distinct patterns in rivers with high and low levels of degradation. Temporal changes in environmental variables showed similar patterns in both site groups, characterised by reduced organic and nutrient pollution but increased hydroclimatic and salinity stress. 150 % increase in total abundance, especially in abundance and richness of sediment-dwelling and non-native taxa was found in both site groups. While the increase in abundance was due to improved water quality and rising water temperature, the longer duration of minimal flows had a negative effect on species richness, hampering species gain particularly at highly degraded sites. Our results provide novel evidence that degree of hydromorphological degradation modifies long-term macroinvertebrate responses to anthropogenic pressures. Less degraded sites displayed several favourable changes, such as 27 % increase in total and 23 % increase in potamal indicator richness, and stabilisation of the assemblages with few functional changes. In contrast, highly degraded sites experienced 9 % reduction in evenness, 235 % increase in proportion of non-native taxa and functional reorganisation, changes congruent with continuous deterioration. While overall water quality at studied sites has improved, consequences of climate change and high degree of hydromorphological degradation limit biotic recovery in multiple-stressor lowland rivers.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    沿海生态系统面临着许多压力,包括塑料污染和由于海平面上升以及风暴的频率和严重程度而增加的洪水风险。实验很少检查这些多重压力源,但在这里我们量化了微塑料的影响(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET):一种耐用的塑料和聚己二酸丁二醇酯(PBAT):一种可生物降解的聚合物),结合沿海物种车前草的模拟海水淹没。接触塑料35天后(0.02g.Kg-1,直径<300μm),冠状疟原虫被人工海水淹没到盆高72小时,排水并进一步生长24天。植物死亡率,记录坏死和光合效率(Fv/Fm),用根:在收获时量化的茎生物量和枝条产量(花茎)。微塑料和海水之间在根:茎比上存在显着的相互作用;资源分配的量度。与PBAT淹没和无塑料淹没处理相比,PET淹没处理下地下生物量的分配显着增加,对捕获水的潜在影响,营养和阳光,这会影响植物的性能。植物坏死明显增加,由于海水淹没,Fv/Fm下降。虽然不重要,植物Fv/Fm反应受到微塑料的影响(与无塑料对照相比,PBAT和PET暴露分别减少了17%和7%)。植物介导了这种胁迫反应,在引入海水14天后,在Fv/Fm中未检测到明显的处理特异性作用。塑料暴露显著影响潜在的生殖输出,PBAT治疗的平均scape数较低,但在PET治疗中更高。这项研究强调了复杂的相互作用和潜在的微塑料在与海水泛滥等其他压力因素相结合时呈现高风险;在不断变化的世界中建立对生态系统复原力的威胁是当务之急。
    Coastal ecosystems face a multitude of pressures including plastic pollution and increased flood risk due to sea level rise and the frequency and severity of storms. Experiments seldom examine multiple stressors such as these, but here we quantified the effect of microplastics (polyethylene terephthalate (PET): a durable plastic and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT): a biodegradable polymer), in combination with simulated seawater inundation on the coastal species Plantago coronopus. After 35-days exposure to plastic (0.02 g.Kg-1, <300 μm diameter), P. coronopus were flooded to pot height with artificial seawater for 72-h, drained and grown for a further 24-days. Plant mortality, necrosis and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) were recorded throughout, with root:shoot biomass and scape production (flower stalks) quantified at harvest. There were significant interactions between microplastics and seawater on the root:shoot ratio; a measure of resource allocation. The allocation to belowground biomass increased significantly under the PET + inundation treatment compared to the PBAT + inundation and the no plastic + inundation treatments, with potential consequences on the capture of water, nutrients and sunlight, which can affect plant performance. Plant necrosis significantly increased, and Fv/Fm declined as a result of seawater inundation. While not significant, plant Fv/Fm responses were influenced by microplastics (17% and 7% reduction in PBAT and PET exposure respectively compared to the no plastic control). Plants mediated this stress response with no discernible treatment-specific effects detected in Fv/Fm 14-days after seawater introduction. Plastic exposure significantly influenced potential reproductive output, with lower average scape numbers across PBAT treatments, but higher in PET treatments. This study highlights the complex interactions and potential for microplastics to present an elevated risk when in combination with additional stressors like seawater flooding; establishing the threat presented to ecosystem resilience in a changing world is a priority.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    大多数评估化学和非化学胁迫对水生生态系统的综合影响的研究都是基于同步胁迫应用。然而,异步暴露场景在本质上可能更常见,特别是对于热浪和农药浓度峰值等脉冲应激源。在这项研究中,我们使用同步(CPFHW)和异步(HW→CPF和CPF→HW)暴露方案,研究了杀虫剂毒死rif(CPF)和热浪(HW)对代表地中海沿海湿地的浮游动物群落的单一和综合影响。CPF的浓度为0.8μg/L(单脉冲),在淡水微观世界中,通过比控制温度(20°C)高8°C的温度升高7天来模拟HW。压力源之间同步的相互作用导致种群水平(Daphniamagna)的协同作用和社区水平的累加作用。敏感物种的部分减少导致竞争物种的丰度增加,这些物种对评估的应激源更具耐受性(例如Moinasp。).与同步情况相比,异步暴露情况导致敏感人群的丰度下降相似;但是,从长远来看,压力源的时间会导致不同的反应。在HW→CPF治疗中,D.magna种群恢复至少比CPF+HW治疗快一个月,可能是由于生存选择和交叉耐受机制。在CPF→HW治疗中,效果持续时间比CPF+HW更长,种群在实验期内没有恢复,最有可能是由于排毒的能量成本和对内部损伤恢复的影响。在经过测试的异步方案中,间接影响的时间和大小不同,对CPF→HW处理中浮游动物群落的结构产生了更严重的影响。我们的研究强调了考虑压力源顺序以预测化学物质和热浪在人口和社区层面的长期影响的相关性。
    Most studies assessing the combined effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors on aquatic ecosystems have been based on synchronous stressor applications. However, asynchronous exposure scenarios may be more common in nature, particularly for pulsed stressors such as heatwaves and pesticide concentration peaks. In this study, we investigated the single and combined effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and a heatwave (HW) on a zooplankton community representative of a Mediterranean coastal wetland using synchronous (CPF+HW) and asynchronous (HW→CPF and CPF→HW) exposure scenarios. CPF was applied at a concentration of 0.8 µg/L (single pulse), and the HW was simulated by a temperature increase of 8°C above the control temperature (20°C) for 7 days in freshwater microcosms. The interaction between stressors in synchrony resulted in synergistic effects at the population level (Daphnia magna) and additive at the community level. The partial reduction of sensitive species resulted in an abundance increase of competing species that were more tolerant to the evaluated stressors (e.g. Moina sp.). The asynchronous exposure scenarios resulted in a similar abundance decline of sensitive populations as compared to the synchronous one; however, the timing of stressor resulted in different responses in the long term. In the HW→CPF treatment, the D. magna population recovered at least one month faster than in the CPF+HW treatment, probably due to survival selection and cross-tolerance mechanisms. In the CPF→HW treatment, the effects lasted longer than in the CPF+HW, and the population did not recover within the experimental period, most likely due to the energetic costs of detoxification and effects on internal damage recovery. The different timing and magnitude of indirect effects among the tested asynchronous scenarios resulted in more severe effects on the structure of the zooplankton community in the CPF→HW treatment. Our study highlights the relevance of considering the order of stressors to predict the long-term effects of chemicals and heatwaves both at the population and community levels.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    气候变化加剧了高温和干旱事件的威胁,由于人类生态系统的改变,如富营养化,加剧了它们的生态和社会经济影响,盐碱化,河流工程。这里,我们研究了多重压力源如何在一条欧洲大河中产生环境灾难,奥得河,在那里,微咸水浮游的天然植物Prymnesiumparvum(“金藻”)的有毒水华杀死了大约1000公吨的鱼以及大多数贻贝和蜗牛。我们利用水文气候数据发现了这一事件的复杂性,遥感,细胞计数,水化学和毒素分析,和遗传学。在盐浓度和营养物质浓度急剧升高的上游通道中孵育后,只是慢性盐和营养污染的关键组合,急性高水温,热浪期间河流流量低,使沿500公里河段的B型P.parvum在河流中大量扩散。大型滤食器的急剧损失以及营养细胞的扩散和静止阶段使系统更容易受到新的有害藻华的影响。我们的研究结果表明,全球变暖,集水利用,和慢性生态系统污染可能增加这种复合生态气候事件的可能性和严重程度,在未来的影响模型中需要考虑。
    Climate change elevates the threat of compound heat and drought events, with their ecological and socioeconomic impacts exacerbated by human ecosystem alterations such as eutrophication, salinization, and river engineering. Here, we study how multiple stressors produced an environmental disaster in a large European river, the Oder River, where a toxic bloom of the brackish-water planktonic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum (the \"golden algae\") killed approximately 1000 metric tons of fish and most mussels and snails. We uncovered the complexity of this event using hydroclimatic data, remote sensing, cell counts, hydrochemical and toxin analyses, and genetics. After incubation in impounded upstream channels with drastically elevated concentrations of salts and nutrients, only a critical combination of chronic salt and nutrient pollution, acute high water temperatures, and low river discharge during a heatwave enabled the riverine mass proliferation of B-type P. parvum along a 500 km river section. The dramatic losses of large filter feeders and the spreading of vegetative cells and resting stages make the system more susceptible to new harmful algal blooms. Our findings show that global warming, water use intensification, and chronic ecosystem pollution could increase likelihood and severity of such compound ecoclimatic events, necessitating consideration in future impact models.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    溪流生态系统中的社区通常对压力源的增加和释放做出不对称的反应,如缓慢和不完全恢复所示。非对称响应概念(ARC)认为,这是由于三种机制的相对重要性发生了变化:容忍度,分散,和生物相互作用。在复杂的自然群落中,这些机制可能通过对间接效应知之甚少而产生替代结果.要了解这三种机制如何应对不同的时间压力源情景,我们使用流食物网模型研究了多个场景。Weaskedthefollowingquestions:Dogroupofspeciesdeclineasexpectedonthebasisofindividualtolerancerankingsderivedfromlaboratorywhentheyareembeddedinacomplexdynamicfoodweb?Doestheresponseofecosystemfunctionmatchthatthat?我们汇总了功能组水平的个体耐受性数据,并研究了单个和多个应激源如何影响食物网动态和营养循环.多种应激源情景涉及不同强度的盐和温度升高。功能组在实验室和动态食物网环境之间表现出不同的相对耐受性排名。盐作为单一应激源在低水平仅具有轻微和短暂的影响,但导致高水平的一个或多个官能团的损失。相比之下,高温,单独或与盐结合使用,导致所有测试水平的官能团丢失。社区的反应和生态系统功能之间的模式通常有所不同。我们讨论关于ARC的发现。
    Communities in stream ecosystems often respond asymmetrically to increase and release of stressors, as indicated by slow and incomplete recovery. The Asymmetric Response Concept (ARC) posits that this is due to a shift in the relative importance of three mechanisms: tolerance, dispersal, and biotic interactions. In complex natural communities, these mechanisms may produce alternative outcomes through poorly understood indirect effects. To understand how the three mechanisms respond to different temporal stressor scenarios, we studied multiple scenarios using a stream food web model. We asked the following questions: Do groups of species decline as expected on the basis of individual tolerance rankings derived from laboratory experiments when they are embedded in a complex dynamic food web? Does the response of ecosystem function match that of communities? To address these questions, we aggregated data on individual tolerances at the level of functional groups and studied how single and multiple stressors affect food web dynamics and nutrient cycling. Multiple stressor scenarios involved different intensities of salt and temperature increase. Functional groups exhibited a different relative tolerance ranking between the laboratory and dynamic food web contexts. Salt as a single stressor had only minor and transient effects at low level but led to the loss of one or more functional groups at high level. In contrast, high temperature, alone or in combination with salt, caused the loss of functional groups at all tested levels. Patterns often differed between the response of communities and ecosystem function. We discuss our findings with respect to the ARC.
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