干细胞生物学和组织工程的最新进展通过开发复杂的体外人脑模型,彻底改变了神经变性研究领域。这些模型,包括2D单层培养,3D类器官,器官芯片,和生物工程三维组织模型,旨在概括细胞多样性,结构组织,和天然人脑的功能特性。这篇综述强调了这些体外脑模型如何用于研究各种病原体的影响,包括病毒,细菌,真菌,和寄生虫感染,特别是在人脑中,它们对神经退行性疾病的后续影响。传统研究已经证明了不同二维脑细胞类型对感染的易感性,阐明了病原体诱导的神经炎症的潜在机制,并确定了潜在的治疗靶点。因此,当前方法的改进带来了3D模型技术来克服2D细胞的挑战,例如有限的细胞多样性,不完整的微环境,以及缺乏形态结构,强调需要进一步的技术进步。这篇评论强调了从2D单层到生物工程3D组织模型的体外人脑细胞对于阐明病原体感染建模的复杂动力学的重要性。这些体外人脑细胞使研究人员能够解开各种病原体感染的人类特定机制,例如SARS-CoV-2,以改变血脑屏障功能和弓形虫影响神经细胞形态及其功能。最终,这些体外人脑模型有望成为药物化合物开发的个性化平台,基因治疗,和疫苗。总的来说,我们讨论了体外人脑模型的最新进展,它们在研究病原体感染相关神经变性中的应用,和未来的方向。
Recent advancements in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have revolutionized the field of neurodegeneration research by enabling the development of sophisticated in vitro human brain models. These models, including 2D monolayer cultures, 3D organoids, organ-on-chips, and bioengineered 3D tissue models, aim to recapitulate the cellular diversity, structural organization, and functional properties of the native human brain. This review highlights how these in vitro brain models have been used to investigate the effects of various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites infection, particularly in the human brain cand their subsequent impacts on neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of different 2D brain cell types to infection, elucidated the mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced neuroinflammation, and identified potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, current methodological improvement brought the technology of 3D models to overcome the challenges of 2D cells, such as the limited cellular diversity, incomplete microenvironment, and lack of morphological structures by highlighting the need for further technological advancements. This review underscored the significance of in vitro human brain cell from 2D monolayer to bioengineered 3D tissue model for elucidating the intricate dynamics for pathogen infection modeling. These in vitro human brain cell enabled researchers to unravel human specific mechanisms underlying various pathogen infections such as SARS-CoV-2 to alter blood-brain-barrier function and Toxoplasma gondii impacting neural cell morphology and its function. Ultimately, these in vitro human brain models hold promise as personalized platforms for development of drug compound, gene therapy, and vaccine. Overall, we discussed the recent progress in in vitro human brain models, their applications in studying pathogen infection-related neurodegeneration, and future directions.