BACKGROUND: In aged society, health policies aimed at extending healthy life expectancy are critical. Maintaining physical activity is essential to prevent the deterioration of body functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the physical activity levels of the target age group and to know the content and intensity of the required physical activity quantitatively. Especially we focused the role of non-exercise activity thermogenesis and sedentary time, which are emphasized more than the introduction of exercise in cases of obesity or diabetes.
METHODS: A total of 193 patients from 25 institutions were included. Participants underwent a locomotive syndrome risk test (stand-up test, 2-step test, and Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-25 questionnaire) and were classified into three stages. Physical activity was quantitatively monitored for one week with 3-axial accelerometer. Physical activity was classified into three categories; (1) Sedentary behavior (0 ∼ ≤ 1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs)), (2) Light physical activity (LPA:1.6 ∼ 2.9 METs), and (3) Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA: ≥3 METs). We investigated the relationship between physical activity, including the number of steps, and the stages after gender- and age- adjustment. We also investigated the relationship between social isolation using Lubben\'s Social Network Scale (LSNS), as social isolation would lead to fewer opportunities to go out and less outdoor walking.
RESULTS: Comparison among the three stages showed significant difference for age (p = 0.007) and Body Mass Index (p < 0.001). After gender-and age-adjustment, there was a significant relation with a decrease in the number of steps (p = 0.002) and with MVPA. However, no relation was observed in sedentary time and LPA. LSNS did not show any statistically significant difference. Moderate to high-intensity physical activity and the number of steps is required for musculoskeletal disorders. The walking, not sedentary time, was associated to the locomotive stages, and this finding indicated the importance of lower extremity exercise.
CONCLUSIONS: Adjusting for age and gender, the number of steps and moderate to vigorous activity levels were necessary to prevent worsening, and there was no effect of sedentary behavior. Merely reducing sedentary time may be inadequate for locomotive disorders. It is necessary to engage in work or exercise that moves lower extremities more actively.

CONCLUSIONS: Future work should develop and evaluate interventional strategies to help overcome visual and health-related barriers to travel in visually impaired seniors and mitigate adverse impacts of loneliness for those who do not leave town.
OBJECTIVE: Life space refers to the area in which a person travels within a given time period. We explored whether demographics, vision, and/or health characteristics were related to restrictions in self-reported life space for visually impaired seniors.
METHODS: Visually impaired (n = 114) clinical trial participants aged ≥55 years learned visual assistive iPhone apps and completed the following baseline questionnaires: Life Space, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, and New-General Self-efficacy Scale. Multiple logistic regressions evaluated associations between life space and patient factors after accounting for their distance to the next county or state.
RESULTS: During 2021 to 2023, 17%, 43%, and 70% of participants had not left their town, county, or state, respectively, in the past 3 months, or planned to in the next 3 months. Those with reduced distance best-corrected visual acuity had greater odds of not leaving the county in these time frames (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5; p=0.04). Minority race was associated with greater odds of not leaving town or the county in the past 2 weeks or future 3 months (OR = 4.3 to 6.4; p=0.009 to 0.049). Increased self-efficacy was associated with reduced odds of not leaving the state in the past 3 months, next 3 months, or past and/or future 3 months (OR = 0.54 to 0.55; p=0.02 to 0.03). Better physical function was associated with reduced odds of not leaving the state in the past 2 weeks or 3 months (OR = 0.96 to 0.98; p=0.01 to 0.04). Increased loneliness was related to greater odds of not leaving town in the past and/or future 3 months (OR = 1.8 to 2.0; p=0.007 to 0.009).
CONCLUSIONS: Minority race, reduced vision, self-efficacy, and physical health were related to life space restrictions in this cohort of visually impaired seniors, whereas loneliness was greater among those who were not leaving town.

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OBJECTIVE: Lower extremity physical function (LEPF) is a key component for mobility and is impacted in stroke-related disability. A reduction in LEPF can have a significant impact on an individual\'s Quality of Life (QoL). The aim of this study is to characterise the relationship between LEPF and QoL.
METHODS: The MOBITEC-Stroke Study is a longitudinal cohort-study including patients with their first occurrence of ischaemic stroke. Using a linear mixed-effects model, the relationship between LEPF (timed up-and-go performance (TUG); predictor) and QoL (Stroke Specific Quality of Life scale (SS-QoL); outcome) at 3 and 12 months post stroke was investigated and adjusted for sex, age, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), fear of falling (Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version, FES-I), and stroke severity (National Institute of Stroke Severity scale, NIHSS), accounting for the repeated measurements.
RESULTS: Data of 51 patients (65 % males, 35% females) were analysed. The mean age was 71.1 (SD 10.4) years, median NIHSS score was 2.0. SS-QoL was 201.5 (SD 20.5) at 3 months and 204.2 (SD 17.4) at 12 months; the mean change was 2.7 (95% CI -2.4 to 7.7), p= 0.293. A positive association was found between baseline TUG performance (estimate log score -13.923; 95% CI -27.495 to -0.351; p=0.048) and change in SS-QoL score in multivariate regression analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher LEPF (i.e better TUG performance) at baseline, was associated with an improvement in QoL from 3- to 12-months post stroke. These results highlight the critical role of physical function, particularly baseline LEPF, in influencing the QoL of stroke survivors.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a common symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis and it can lead to activity limitations. Thus, it is important to analyze the relationship between fatigue and activity outcomes, such as walking speed and mobility.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between fatigue and walking speed and mobility in individuals with multiple sclerosis.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed. Adults with multiple sclerosis, without cognitive impairments and who were able to walk were recruited. Fatigue was assessed with the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). Walking speed, usual and fast, was assessed with the 10-meter Walk Test (10MWT), and mobility with the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Pearson correlation analysis was performed. A significance level of 5 % was used.
RESULTS: Thirty participants were included, most of the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (n = 24, 80 %). A mean age of 41 (11) years and the median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was 2.65 (2.18) points. Mean MFIS score was 41.87 ± 19.42 points, mean usual walking speed was 1.02 ± 0.28 m/s, mean fast walking speed was 1.55 ± 0.48 m/s, and the mean total time in the TUG was 10.07 ± 3.05 s. A significant negative correlation of moderate magnitude was found between fatigue and usual walking speed (r=₋0.51, p < 0.05). A significant negative correlation of moderate magnitude was found between fatigue and fast walking speed (r=₋0.54, p < 0.05). A significant, positive correlation of moderate magnitude was found between fatigue and mobility (r = 0.54, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: There was a correlation between fatigue and walking speed and mobility in individuals with multiple sclerosis. These results highlight the need to assess fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis, since the presence of fatigue is associated with reduced walking speed and mobility.

UNASSIGNED: This study aims to: 1) Explore the mobility experiences of seniors with slow walking speeds (SSWS) in urban neighborhoods; and 2) Investigate their environmental barriers and supports.
UNASSIGNED: Go-along interviews were conducted with 36 SSWS residing in urban neighborhoods of Chongqing City, China. The mobility patterns and built environment factors influencing their mobility were revealed through cartographic analysis and thematic analysis.
UNASSIGNED: SSWS primarily focused their activities within a 400-meter radius of their homes. Built environment themes included topography, neighborhood services, sidewalks, seating, traffic safety, weather, greenery, and lighting. Significant mobility barriers included long stairs, steep slopes, fast-moving objects on sidewalks, road crossings, and fast traffic. Available handrails, nearby food-service places, ample seating, and greenery were identified as supportive factors for their mobility.
UNASSIGNED: This study stands out as the first to specifically examine the mobility of SSWS within the built environment. We suggest that SSWS should be taken into account when establishing a benchmark for general design frameworks. These improvements not only contribute to the mobility of slow walkers but also have positive impacts on the broader population.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of Yoga with traditional exercise on the mobility and functional capacity of individuals with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).
METHODS: The participants of the study were recruited at the rheumatology department, adhering to the study\'s inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomized into two groups (Group A - Yoga, and Group B - exercise).The candidates participated in an 8-week intervention consisting of 3 weekly sessions of either Yoga or Exercise intervention. Outcomes were collected at pre-treatment, at 8 weeks, and at 12 weeks.
RESULTS: The within-group comparison showed an improvement in all outcome measures with p < .05 between post-treatment and the follow-up. In the yoga group, there was an improvement in the measures of BASMI (p = .001), BASFI (p = .005), PSQI (p = .021), CE (p = .053) and NPRS (p = .001). Similarly, in the exercise group, there was an improvement in BASMI (p = .002), BASFI (p = .003), PSQI (p = .010), CE (p = .004) and NPRS (p = .001). In the between group comparison at post-treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in BASMI (yoga = 3.0 ± 1.50, exercise = 2.3 ± 1.38), PSQI (yoga = 5.3 ± 1.50, exercise = 4.9 ± 1.17) and NPRS (yoga = 1.3 ± 2.22, exercise = 0.4 ± 0.50) CE (yoga = 4.0 ± 1.18, exercise = 3.4 ± 0.96), BASFI (yoga = 1.8 ± 2.14, exercise = 2.1 ± 1.87).
CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in within-group scores of mobility, functional capacity, sleep quality and pain in AS patients of both intervention programs but there were no significant differences between the groups.

As age increases, a decline in lower extremity strength leads to reduced mobility and increased fall risks. This decline outpaces the age-related reduction in muscle mass, resulting in mobility limitations. Older adults with varying degrees of mobility-disability use different stepping strategies. However, the link between functional lower extremity strength and stepping strategy is unknown. Therefore, understanding how age-related reductions in functional lower extremity strength influence stepping strategy is vital to unraveling mobility limitations. Twenty participants (17F, 72 ± 6 years) were recruited and tested at a local community event. Participants were outfitted with inertial measurement units (IMU) and walked across a pressurized walkway under single and dual motor task conditions (walking with and without carrying a tray with water) at their usual and fast speeds. Participants were dichotomized into normal (11) or low functional strength groups (9) based on age-specific normative cutoffs using the instrumented 5-repetition Sit-to-Stand test duration. Our study reveals that older adults with normal strength prefer adjusting their step time during walking tasks, while those with reduced strength do not exhibit a preferred stepping strategy. This study provides valuable insights into the influence of functional lower extremity strength on stepping strategy in community-dwelling older adults during simple and complex walking tasks. These findings could aid in diagnosing gait deviations and developing appropriate treatment or management plans for mobility disability in older adults.

CONCLUSIONS: There is little literature linking mobility aids for people with sight loss to the functions, activities, and participation domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Future studies on this relationship should be funded and pursued to better understand ways to maximize the benefit of mobility aids.
OBJECTIVE: The ICF domains of functions, activities, and participation are potentially health-supporting aspects of daily living that may be impeded for people with sight loss. Although mobility aids facilitate safely navigating obstacles to optimize independence, it is not clear if they have any effect on functions, activities, or participation. This review explores the current literature to establish the associations between mobility aids and ICF domains.
METHODS: An established scoping review methodological framework was used to systematically search, select, and synthesize the existing literature.
RESULTS: Of 116 unique retrieved articles, three observational studies were eligible for inclusion with a total of 124 participants. A small experimental study found that blind adults had slower Timed Up and Go times than sighted and better performance with a long cane than without. One observational study found that physical activity was strongly related to level of visual acuity but with no independent impact of mobility aids. A single mixed-methods study explored travel frequency for blind people with assistance dogs and considered constraints to participation.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the included studies involving some aspect of mobility aid use by people with sight loss, to date, no study has focused exclusively on mobility aid intervention for people with sight loss within the physical function, physical activity, and participation domains of the ICF. There is no reliable evidence on the associations between mobility aids and physical function, physical activity, and participation. This is an important knowledge gap for determining the most suitable aids, as well as their use, to best facilitate health-supporting activities.

This study aimed to investigate the different impacts of sensorial and mobility frailty on overall and domain-specific cognitive function. Further, the independent associations between other intricate capacity (IC) dimensions, including vitality and psychological dimensions, and overall and domain-specific cognitive function were investigated. A total of 429 participants (mean age, 72.91 ± 7.014 years; 57.30% female) underwent IC capacity assessment. Other covariates, such as demographics, health-related variables were also assessed. Overall or domain-specific cognitive impairment was used as a dependent variable in logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographic, health-related, and psychosocial confounders. After adjustment for demographic, health-related, and psychosocial confounders, individuals with sensorial frailty (odds ratio [OR] = 0.435; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.236-0.801; P = .008) had a significantly lower risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), marginally low delayed memory impairment (OR = 0.601, 95% CI = 0.347-1.040; P = .069), and language impairment (OR = 0.534, 95% CI = 0.305-0.936; OR = 0.318, P = .029; OR = 0.318,95% CI = 0.173-0.586; P < .001) by Boston naming and animal fluency tests than did those with both sensorial and mobility frailty or mobility frailty only. Depressive symptoms had a significant negative influence on executive function. Cardiovascular disease and non-skin malignancy were independent determinants of MCI, and diabetes mellitus was independently associated with processing speed, attention, and executive function. Sensorial and mobility frailty were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment. Mobility frailty had a greater negative influence on the overall cognitive function and memory and language function than did sensorial frailty. The reserve decline in the psychological dimension of IC and chronic diseases also had a significant adverse influence on overall and domain-specific cognition function.