Recent advances in brain mapping tools have enabled the study of brain activity during functional tasks, revealing neuroplasticity after early brain injuries and resulting from rehabilitation. Understanding the neural correlates of mobility limitations is crucial for treating individuals with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim is to summarize the neural correlates of mobility in children with CP and to describe the brain mapping methods that have been utilized in the existing literature. This systematic review was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO (n° CRD42021240296). The literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Embase databases. Observational studies involving participants with CP, with a mean age of up to 18 years, that utilized brain mapping techniques and correlated these with mobility outcomes were included. The results were analyzed in terms of sample characteristics, brain mapping methods, mobility measures, and main results. The risk of bias was evaluated using a checklist previously created by our research group, based on STROBE guidelines, the Cochrane Handbook, and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). A total of 15 studies comprising 313 children with CP and 229 with typical development using both static and mobile techniques met the inclusion criteria. The studies indicate that children\"with\'CP have increased cerebral activity and higher variability in brain reorganization during mobility activities, such as gait, quiet standing, cycling, and gross motor tasks when compared with children with typical development. Altered brain activity and reorganization underline the importance of conducting more studies to investigate the neural correlates during mobility activities in children with CP. Such information could guide neurorehabilitation strategies targeting brain neuroplasticity for functional gains.

UNASSIGNED: Besides societal and governmental actions to mitigate greenhouse gases, individual behavioral changes are also urgently needed to limit global temperature rise. However, these individual changes have proven to be difficult to achieve in the general population.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a systematic review in five electronic databases with the aim of systematically depicting the content of interventions that promote climate-friendly behavior in individuals and households in high- and upper-middle-income countries.
UNASSIGNED: We included 25 studies. The analyses included identification of the used Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs) and comparison of their promise ratio. Across our three outcome categories energy consumption, water consumption, and mobility the most frequently used BCT categories are not the ones that are most promising in terms of behavior change.
UNASSIGNED: Based on these results, our recommendation for climate change mitigation interventions is to include components that provide concrete instructions on how to perform the desired behavior (shaping knowledge), setting goals and commitments (goals and planning), substituting undesired behavior, and practicing desired behavior (repetition and substitution). Other reviews with similar aims use different wordings, definitions, or degrees of detail in their intervention component labelling which makes it difficult to compare the results. We recommend to use a standardized classification system, like the BCT taxonomy in combination with the promise ratio, which this study has shown to be a suitable tool to classify applied intervention techniques and give an indication of successful techniques.

The review focuses on speciation and migration of anthropogenic ruthenium (Ru) originated from nuclear industry releases and presents updated information regarding Ru in the environment. It provides analysis of the main pathways of Ru species distribution in the aqueous and terrestrial environment, starting from its natural occurrence, generation and release from anthropogenic sources, predominant speciation, and ending with bioaccumulation, which can be directly or indirectly related to human health. Literature sources belonging to the post-Chernobyl time frame were preferentially considered, in which Ru-103 and Ru-106 are the major fission isotopes studied due to their traceability in the environment and their relatively long half-lives.

BACKGROUND: Markerless motion capture (MMC) uses video cameras or depth sensors for full body tracking and presents a promising approach for objectively and unobtrusively monitoring functional performance within community settings, to aid clinical decision-making in neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia.
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this systematic review was to investigate the application of MMC using full-body tracking, to quantify functional performance in people with dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and Parkinson disease.
METHODS: A systematic search of the Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases was conducted between November 2022 and February 2023, which yielded a total of 1595 results. The inclusion criteria were MMC and full-body tracking. A total of 157 studies were included for full-text screening, out of which 26 eligible studies that met the selection criteria were included in the review. .
RESULTS: Primarily, the selected studies focused on gait analysis (n=24), while other functional tasks, such as sit to stand (n=5) and stepping in place (n=1), were also explored. However, activities of daily living were not evaluated in any of the included studies. MMC models varied across the studies, encompassing depth cameras (n=18) versus standard video cameras (n=5) or mobile phone cameras (n=2) with postprocessing using deep learning models. However, only 6 studies conducted rigorous comparisons with established gold-standard motion capture models.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite its potential as an effective tool for analyzing movement and posture in individuals with dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and Parkinson disease, further research is required to establish the clinical usefulness of MMC in quantifying mobility and functional performance in the real world.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesise evidence evaluating non-pharmacological interventions targeting mobility among people with advanced cancer, considering the type, efficacy and contextual factors that may influence outcome.
METHODS: Systematic review of studies of non-pharmacological interventions in adults (≥ 18 years) with advanced (stage III-IV) cancer, and assessing mobility using clinical or patient-reported outcome measures. Searches were conducted across three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL) up to June 2024. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools and contextual factors were evaluated through the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions framework. A narrative synthesis was conducted due to clinical heterogeneity of included studies.
RESULTS: 38 studies encompassing 2,464 participants were included. The most frequent mobility outcome measure was the 6-min walk test (26/38 studies). Exercise was the most common intervention, (33 studies: 27 aerobic and resistance, 5 aerobic, 1 resistance versus aerobic training) and improvements in mobility were found in 21/33 outcomes. Electrotherapy interventions led to significant improvements in mobility in 3/5 studies. Geographical factors (e.g. distance, transport, parking requirements) potentially limited participation in 18/38 studies. A lack of ethnic diversity among populations was evident and language proficiency was an inclusion criterion in 12 studies.
CONCLUSIONS: Exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation appear to improve mobility outcomes in advanced cancer. The evaluation of other non-pharmacological interventions targeting mobility should consider access and inclusivity, and be adaptable to the needs of this population.

Traffic-related emissions continue to be a significant source of air pollution in the United States (US) and around the globe. Evidence has shown that previous policies implemented to restrict-traffic flows have affected air pollution levels. Thus, mitigation strategies associated with the COVID-19 pandemic that modified population-level mobility patterns provide a unique opportunity to study air pollution change across the US. For instance, to slow the spread of the pandemic, state and local governments started implementing various mitigation actions, including stay-at-home directives, social distancing measures, school closures, and travel restrictions. This scoping review aimed to summarize the existing evidence about how air quality changed through mitigation practices throughout the pandemic in the US. We found 66 articles that fit our inclusion criteria. Generally, the consolidated results revealed that nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased across the country. Studies observed mixed directions and magnitudes of change for fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Few articles tried to explain this notable heterogeneity in air quality changes by associating contextual factors, such as mobility, traffic flow, and demographic factors. However, all studies agreed that the change in air pollution was nonuniform across the US and even varied within a city.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography has been used to identify structural, quantitative, and qualitative muscle changes. These changes have been assessed in different muscles during ICU stays; however, it is unclear if it can predict functioning after ICU discharge.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between muscle changes assessed by ultrasonography and the strength and functioning of ICU survivors.
METHODS: A systematic review with a meta-analysis was performed according to the MOOSE guidelines and registered in PROSPERO. Searches of the following databases were performed by two of the authors: PubMed, Cinahl, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Qualitative analysis was performed using NOS and AHRQ scales. Meta-analysis was performed using the \"R\", \"metafor\" package. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 and Cochran\'s Q test. Meta-regression analyses were performed to verify the moderators, and funnel plots and Egger\'s regression intercept test were used to analyze the publication bias.
RESULTS: Sixteen articles were included in the qualitative assessment, and nine were used in the quantitative assessment. There is evidence of correlations between MT and muscle strength (r = 0.20 [0.11; 0.27]; p < 0.0001), and MT (r = 0.35 [0.19; 0.49]; p < 0.0001), CSA (r = 0.30 [0.10; 0.47]; p = 0.0038), EI (r = -0.29 [-0.53; -0.01]; p = 0.043) and mobility. In the subgroup analyses, some evidence of a correlation between specific muscles and strength and mobility were found.
CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence for the correlation between muscle characteristics assessed by US and functioning outcomes.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common childhood-onset disability. The evolution of gait according to severity is well known amongst children and thought to peak between 8 and 12 years of age among those walking without assistive devices. However, among adults, clinical experience as well as scientific studies report, through clinical assessments, questionnaires and interviews, increasing walking difficulties leading to an increased dependency of assistive devices in everyday ambulation. For many individuals with CP, this change will occur around 30-40 years, with the risk of losing mobility increasing with age. This narrative review aims to first provide objective evidence of motor function and gait decline in adults with CP when ageing, and then to offer mechanistic hypotheses to explain those alterations. Many studies have compared individuals with CP to the typically developing population, yet the evolution with ageing has largely been understudied. Comorbid diagnoses comprise one of the potential determinants of motor function and gait decline with ageing in people with CP, with the first manifestations happening at an early age and worsening with ageing. Similarly, ageing appears to cause alterations to the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems at an earlier age than their typically developing (TD) peers. Future studies should, however, try to better understand how the physiological particularities of CP change with ageing that could pave the way for better strategies for maintaining function and quality of life in people with CP.

Although supervised and real-time telerehabilitation by videoconferencing is now becoming common for people with Parkinson\'s disease (PD), its efficacy for balance and gait is still unclear. This paper uses a scoping approach to review the current evidence on the effects of telerehabilitation by videoconferencing on balance and gait for patients with PD. We also explored whether studies have used wearable technology during telerehabilitation to assess and treat balance and gait via videoconferencing. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, ISI\'s Web of Knowledge, Cochrane\'s Library, and Embase. The data were extracted for study design, treatment, and outcomes. Fourteen studies were included in this review. Of these, seven studies investigated the effects of telerehabilitation (e.g., tele-yoga and adapted physiotherapy exercises) on balance and gait measures (e.g., self-reported balance, balance scale, walking speed, mobility, and motor symptoms) using videoconferencing in both assessment and treatment. The telerehabilitation programs by videoconferencing were feasible and safe for people with PD; however, the efficacy still needs to be determined, as only four studies had a parallel group. In addition, no study used wearable technology. Robust evidence of the effects of telerehabilitation by videoconferencing on balance and gait for patients with PD was not found, suggesting that future powered, prospective, and robust clinical trials are needed.

BACKGROUND: The upper quarter y-balance test (YBT-UQ) is a functional screening tool used to detect musculoskeletal injury risk, aid rehabilitation, and monitor dynamic function, strength and control, yet little is currently known about intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence reach scores.
OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to determine if age, sex, or interventions influenced reach scores and whether between-limb differences were common in non-injured sporting populations, with a secondary aim to identify if sport impacted YBT-UQ reach.
METHODS: Web of Science, PubMed, and SportDiscus were systematically searched from January 2012 to November 16, 2023, revealing twenty-three studies satisfying inclusion criteria of published in English between 2012 and 2023, healthy participants of any age including both males and females, athletic populations, YBT-UQ use to assess upper limb mobility/stability, report normalised reach scores, and peer-reviewed full-texts. Methodological quality was evaluated via National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tools for controlled interventions, observational cohort and cross-sectional designs, and pre-post with no control group.
RESULTS: Age, sex, sport, and fatigue were influencing factors; greater reach scores were achieved in older athletes (i.e. >18 years), males, and in a well-rested state. Between-limb differences were not common in sporting populations; therefore, asymmetries may be useful for practitioners to aid injury risk identification.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review investigating YBT-UQ influencing factors and thereby provides context for clinicians regarding characteristics that impact reach scores in sporting populations, from which normative values could be determined and further aid clinical decisions or areas to improve regarding injury risk.