BACKGROUND: Vector sand fly colonies are a critical component of studies aimed at improving the understanding of the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis and alleviating its global impact. However, among laboratory-colonized arthropod vectors of infectious diseases, the labor-intensive nature of sand fly rearing coupled with the low number of colonies worldwide has generally discouraged the widespread use of sand flies in laboratory settings. Among the different factors associated with the low productivity of sand fly colonies, mite infestations are a significant factor. Sand fly colonies are prone to infestation by mites, and the physical interactions between sand flies and mites and metabolites have a negative impact on sand fly larval development.
METHODS: Mites were collected from sand fly larval rearing pots and morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. Upon identification, they were photographed with a scanning electron microscope. Several mite control measures were adopted in two different laboratories, one at the Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-National Institutes of Health (Rockville, MD, USA), and the other at the University of Calgary (Calgary, AB, Canada).
RESULTS: The mite species associated with sand fly colonies in the two laboratories were morphologically identified as Tyrophagus sp. and Stratiolaelaps scimitus. While complete eradication of mites in sand fly colonies is considered unrealistic, drastically reducing their population has been associated with higher sand fly productivity.
CONCLUSIONS: We report a case of detrimental interaction between sand flies and Tyrophagus sp. and S. scimitus in a closed laboratory sand fly colony, discuss their impact on sand fly production and provide guidelines for limiting the mite population size in a closed laboratory colony leading to improved sand fly yields.

Demodex blepharitis does not have agreed standardized guidelines. The aim of this study was to classify signs and symptoms and to develop appropriate management strategies for Demodex blepharitis from a consensus of expert advice.
METHODS: A total of 11 anterior segment experts (ophthalmologists, optometrists and a contact lens optician) working in the United Kingdom participated in a modified 2-round Delphi panel. A mixed-methods approach was adopted and a survey questionnaire for round 1 was formulated, constructed from information in the available literature. Based on panel responses from round 1, feedback was provided and a round 2 questionnaire was formulated. More than two-thirds majority (72%) was used for consensus building.
RESULTS: Based on the clinical presentation of signs and symptoms along with associated conditions and risk factors, a diagnostic algorithm was proposed for the clinical investigation of Demodex blepharitis. A treatment algorithm was also proposed with first-line and second-line treatment recommendations for Demodex blepharitis.
CONCLUSIONS: The recommendation from this study provides the first effort in formulating clinical diagnostic algorithm and management guidelines for Demodex blepharitis. The guidelines include appropriate magnification on the slit lamp, associated signs, symptoms, risk factors and suggested management options. These guidelines can be used in a routine eyecare setting to encourage eyecare practitioners in tailoring the investigation and management of Demodex blepharitis.

BACKGROUND: Demodicosis is a common disease in small animal veterinary practice worldwide with a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic options.
OBJECTIVE: To provide consensus recommendations on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats.
METHODS: The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available before December 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. A draft of the document was presented at the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, HI, USA (May 2018) and at the European Veterinary Dermatology Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia (September 2018) and was made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and responses were incorporated into the final document.
CONCLUSIONS: In young dogs with generalized demodicosis, genetic and immunological factors seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and affected dogs should not be bred. In old dogs and cats, underlying immunosuppressive conditions contributing to demodicosis should be explored. Deep skin scrapings are the diagnostic gold standard for demodicosis, but trichograms and tape squeeze preparations may also be useful under certain circumstances. Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis. Therapeutic selection should be guided by local drug legislation, drug availability and individual case parameters. Evidence for successful treatment of feline demodicosis is strongest for lime sulfur dips and amitraz baths.
背景: 在世界各地的小动物兽医临床中，蠕形螨病都是一种常见疾病，其诊断和治疗的选择有多种。 目的: 提供诊断、预防和治疗犬猫蠕形螨病的共识性建议。 方法和材料: 作者们成立指导小组(GP)，回顾了2018年12月之前现存的文献。指导小组编写了详细的文献综述，并就选定的主题提出了建议。在美国夏威夷毛伊岛举办的北美兽医皮肤医学论坛(2018年5月)，以及克罗地亚杜布罗夫尼克举办的欧洲兽医皮肤病大会(2018年9月)，都公布了文件草案，并通过世界兽医皮肤病协会成员组织的世界范围网站发布三个月。征求了意见，并将答复纳入文件的最终版本。 结论: 在全身性蠕形螨的幼犬身上，遗传和免疫因素似乎在发病机制中起作用，发病犬不应繁殖。在老年犬猫中，应寻找导致蠕形螨病的潜在免疫抑制疾病。皮肤深刮是诊断蠕形螨病的金标准，但在某些情况下，毛发形态和挤压胶带制片也可能有用。双甲脒、大环内酯类和新近上市的异恶唑啉类药物，均显示出良好的治疗犬蠕形螨病的疗效。治疗选择应以当地药物法规、药物可获得性和个例参数为指导。成功治疗猫蠕形螨病最给力的是石硫合剂和双甲脒。.
BACKGROUND: La démodécie est une maladie fréquente en médecine vétérinaire des petits animaux, dans le monde entier, avec plusieurs options diagnostiques et thérapeutiques.
OBJECTIVE: Fournir un consensus des recommandations sur le diagnostic, la prévention et le traitement de la démodécie du chien et du chat. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les auteurs ont formé un groupe d\'experts (GP) et ont revu la littérature disponible antérieure à décembre 2018. Le GP a préparé une revue détaillée de la littérature et a fournit des recommandations sur des sujets choisis. Un premier document a été présenté au forum de dermatologie animale d\'Amérique du nord à Maui, HI, USA (Mai 2018) et au congrès européen de dermatologie vétérinaire à Dubrovnik (Septembre 2018) et était disponible sur le WorldWideWeb aux membres des organisations de l\'association mondiale de dermatologie vétérinaire pendant trois mois. Les commentaires ont été sollicités et les réponses, incorporées au document final.
CONCLUSIONS: Chez les jeunes chiens atteints de démodécie généralisée, les facteurs génétiques et immunologiques semblent jouer un rôle dans la pathogénie et les chiens atteints ne devraient pas se reproduire. Chez les chiens et les chats âgés, les pathologies immunosuppressives sous-jacentes contribuant à la démodécie doivent être explorées. Des raclages profonds sont la méthode de diagnostic de choix pour la démodécie, mais les trichogrammes et les tests à la cellophane adhésive peuvent aussi être utiles dans certaines conditions. L\'amitraz, les lactones macrocycliques et plus récemment les isoxazolines ont montré leur bonne efficacité dans le traitement de la démodécie canine. Le choix du traitement doit être fait sur la base de la législation locale, de la disponibilité des molécules et des paramètres individuels. Les preuves pour l\'efficacité d\'un traitement de la démodécie féline sont fortes pour le lime sulfur et les bains d\'amitraz.
UNASSIGNED: Die Demodikose ist weltweit eine häufige Erkrankung in der Kleintierpraxis mit unterschiedlichen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Optionen.
UNASSIGNED: Die Erstellung von Consensus Empfehlungen in Bezug auf Diagnose, Vorbeugung und Behandlung der Demodikose bei Hunden und Katzen.
UNASSIGNED: Die AutorInnen wirkten als Guideline Panel (GP) und führten eine Review der Literatur durch, die vor Dezember 2018 zur Verfügung stand. Die GP erstellten eine detaillierte Literaturrückschau und machten Empfehlungen über ausgewählte Themen. Ein Auszug des Dokuments wurde beim North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, HI, USA (Mai 2018) sowie beim European Veterinary Dermatology Congress in Dubrovnik, Kroatien (September 2018) präsentiert und wurde über das WorldWideWeb den Mitgliedern der Organisationen der World Association for Veterinary Dermatology für eine Dauer von drei Monaten zur Verfügung gestellt. Es wurde um Kommentare gebeten und die Antworten in das Abschlussdokument inkludiert.
UNASSIGNED: Bei jungen Hunden mit einer generalisierten Demodikose scheinen genetische und immunologische Faktoren bei der Pathogenese eine Rolle zu spielen und man sollte mit betroffenen Rassen nicht züchten. Bei alten Hunden und Katzen sollten die zugrundeliegenden immunsupprimierenden Ursachen, die zur Demodikose beitragen, untersucht werden. Tiefe Hautgeschabsel sind der diagnostische Goldene Standard zur Diagnose einer Demodikose, aber Trichogramme und Klebestreifen Quetschpräparate können unter gewissen Umständen auch nützlich sein. Amitraz, Macrozyklische Laktone und unlängst häufiger Verwendung findende Isoxazoline haben eine gute Wirksamkeit bei der Behandlung der Demodikose des Hundes gezeigt. Die therapeutische Selektion sollte sich nach der lokalen Legislation der Medikamente richten, der Verfügbarkeit der Medikamente sowie individueller Fallparameter. Die Evidenz für eine erfolgreiche Behandlung der Demodikose der Katze ist am stärksten für Kalksulphat und Amitraz Bäder.
背景: ニキビダニ症は世界中の小動物獣医診療において一般的な疾患であり、さまざまな診断および治療オプションがある。 目的: 本研究の目的は、犬および猫のニキビダニ症の診断、予防および治療に関するコンセンサスの推奨事項を提供することである。 材料と方法: 著者らはガイドラインパネル（GP）を務め、2018年12月までに入手可能な文献をレビューした。GPは詳細な文献レビューを作成し、選択したトピックに関する推奨事項を作成した。本文書の草案は、米国ハワイ州マウイで開催された北米獣医フォーラム（2018年5月）およびクロアチアのドブロブニクで開催された欧州獣医会議（2018年9月）で発表され、WorldWideWebを介して3か月間、世界獣医皮膚科学会の会員組織に公開された。コメントを求め、回答を最終文書に組み込んだ。 結論: 若齢発症性汎発性ニキビダニ症では、遺伝的および免疫学的因子が病因に関与しているようであり、罹患犬を繁殖に用いるべきではない。老犬および猫では、ニキビダニ症の原因となる基礎的な免疫抑制状態を調査する必要がある。深部皮膚スクレーピングは、ニキビダニ症診断のゴールドスタンダードであるが、特定の状況では抜毛検査やテープスクイズ作成も役立つ場合がある。アミトラズ、大環状ラクトン、さらに最近ではイソキサゾリン系化合物のすべてが、犬ニキビダニ症の治療において良好な有効性を実証している。治療法の選択は、その地域の薬事法、薬の入手可能性、および個々の症例パラメータに基づいて行う必要がある。猫ニキビダニ症の治療成功に対するエビデンスは、石灰硫黄の浸漬とアミトラズ浴で最も強い。.
UNASSIGNED: A demodiciose é uma doença comum na prática veterinária de pequenos animais em todo o mundo, com uma variedade de opções diagnósticas e terapêuticas disponíveis.
OBJECTIVE: Fornecer um consenso de recomendações sobre o diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamento da demodiciose em cães e gatos. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Os autores constituíram um Painel de Diretrizes (GP) e revisaram toda a literatura disponível até dezembro de 2018. O GP preparou uma revisão detalhada da literatura e fez recomendações sobre os tópicos selecionados. Um rascunho do documento foi apresentado no Fórum de Dermatologia Veterinária da América do Norte em Maui, HI, EUA (maio de 2018) e no Congresso Europeu de Dermatologia Veterinária em Dubrovnik, Croácia (setembro de 2018) e foi disponibilizado via WorldWideWeb às organizações membros da Associação Mundial de Dermatologia Veterinária por um período de três meses. Foram solicitados comentários e as respostas foram incorporadas ao documento final. CONCLUSÕES: Em cães jovens com demodiciose generalizada, fatores genéticos e imunológicos parecem desempenhar um papel na patogênese e os cães afetados não devem ser utilizados na reprodução. Em cães e gatos idosos, deve-se investigar condições imunossupressoras subjacentes que contribuem para a demodiciose. O raspado cutâneo profundo é o padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de demodiciose, mas o tricograma e o exame parasitológico por fita adesiva também podem ser úteis em determinadas circunstâncias. O amitraz, as lactonas macrocíclicas e mais recentemente as isoxazolinas demonstraram boa eficácia no tratamento da demodiciose canina. A seleção terapêutica deve ser orientada pela legislação local de medicamentos, disponibilidade de fármacos e parâmetros individuais de cada caso. O tratamento da demodiciose felina possui evidências de sucesso mais fortes com banhos de calda sulfocálcica e banhos de amitraz.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la demodicosis es una enfermedad común en la práctica veterinaria de animales pequeños en todo el mundo con una variedad de opciones de diagnóstico y terapéuticas. OBJETIVOS: Proporcionar recomendaciones consensuadas sobre el diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de la demodicosis en perros y gatos. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: los autores sirvieron como Panel de Recomendaciones (GP) y revisaron la literatura disponible antes de diciembre de 2018. El GP preparó una revisión detallada de la literatura y formuló pautas sobre temas seleccionados. Se presentó un borrador del documento en el Foro de Dermatología Veterinaria de América del Norte en Maui, HI, EE. UU. (Mayo de 2018) y en el Congreso Europeo de Dermatología Veterinaria en Dubrovnik, Croacia (septiembre de 2018) y se puso a disposición a través de WorldWideWeb para las organizaciones miembros de la Asociación Mundial de Dermatología Veterinaria por un período de tres meses. Se solicitaron comentarios y las respuestas se incorporaron al documento final. CONCLUSIONES: en perros jóvenes con demodicosis generalizada, los factores genéticos e inmunológicos parecen desempeñar un papel en la patogénesis y los perros afectados no deben ser criados. En perros y gatos viejos, se deben explorar condiciones inmunosupresoras subyacentes que contribuyen a la demodicosis. Los raspados profundos de la piel son el estándar principal de diagnóstico para la demodicosis, pero los tricogramas y las preparaciones de compresión con cinta adhesiva también pueden ser útiles en ciertas circunstancias. El amitraz, las lactonas macrocíclicas y más recientemente las isoxazolinas han demostrado una buena eficacia en el tratamiento de la demodicosis canina. La selección terapéutica debe guiarse por la legislación farmacéutica local, la disponibilidad de medicamentos y los parámetros de casos individuales. La evidencia del tratamiento exitoso frente a la demodicosis felina es más clara para los baños de inmersión en azufre de cal y baños de amitraz.

OBJECTIVE: These guidelines were written by an international group of specialists with the aim to provide veterinarians with current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of canine demodicosis.
METHODS: Published studies of the various treatment options were reviewed and summarized. Where evidence in form of published studies was not available, expert consensus formed the base of the recommendations.
RESULTS: Demodicosis can usually be diagnosed by deep skin scrapings or trichograms; in rare cases a skin biopsy may be needed for diagnosis. Immune suppression due to endoparasitism or malnutrition in young dogs and endocrine diseases, neoplasia and chemotherapy in older dogs are considered predisposing factors and should be diagnosed and treated to optimize the therapeutic outcome. Dogs with disease severity requiring parasiticidal therapy should not be bred. Secondary bacterial skin infections frequently complicate the disease and require topical and/or systemic antimicrobial therapy. There is good evidence for the efficacy of weekly amitraz rinses and daily oral macrocyclic lactones such as milbemycin oxime, ivermectin and moxidectin for the treatment of canine demodicosis. Weekly application of topical moxidectin can be useful in dogs with milder forms of the disease. There is some evidence for the efficacy of weekly or twice weekly subcutaneous or oral doramectin. Systemic macrocyclic lactones may cause neurological adverse effects in sensitive dogs, thus a gradual increase to the final therapeutic dose may be prudent (particularly in herding breeds). Treatment should be monitored with monthly skin scrapings and extended beyond clinical and microscopic cure to minimize recurrences.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides against mange and itch mites on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines also are intended to assist the investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.