人类病原真菌负责引起一系列感染类型,包括粘膜,皮肤,和侵袭性感染。危及生命和侵袭性真菌感染(FI)是造成死亡率和发病率的原因。尤其是免疫功能受损的个体。与针对细菌感染的治疗剂相比,针对侵入性FI的目前可用的治疗剂的数量是有限的。此外,由FIs引起的死亡率和发病率的增加与可用抗真菌药物的数量有限有关,抗真菌耐药性,以及这些药物的毒性增加。目前可用的抗真菌剂在效率上有几个缺点,功效,毒性,活性谱,和选择性。已经用许多金属纳米颗粒(MNPs)证明这些纳米颗粒可以作为杀真菌剂的有效和替代解决方案。MNPs由于其固有的抗真菌特性和递送抗真菌药物的潜力而具有巨大的潜力。例如,金纳米颗粒(AuNPs)具有干扰线粒体钙稳态诱导的AuNP介导的白色念珠菌细胞死亡的能力。此外,铜纳米颗粒和氧化铜纳米颗粒对病原真菌均具有显着的抑制特性。银纳米粒子对多种病原真菌表现出很强的抗真菌性能,比如Stachybotryschartarum,高山被孢霉,球形毛壳,A.烟,枝孢霉,短青霉,红色毛癣菌,C.热带,还有白色念珠菌.氧化铁纳米颗粒对黑曲霉和产黄假单胞菌显示出有效的抗真菌活性。还报道了氧化锌纳米颗粒可以显著抑制真菌生长。这些NP已经对包括念珠菌在内的许多病原真菌物种发挥了有效的抗真菌特性,曲霉菌,镰刀菌,和许多其他人。目前有几种策略用于抗真菌NP的研究和开发,包括NP的化学修饰以及与可用药物的组合。这篇综述全面介绍了使用MNPs的当前和创新的抗真菌方法。此外,不同类型的MNPs,它们的物理化学特征,并对生产技术进行了综述。
Human pathogenic fungi are responsible for causing a range of infection types including mucosal, skin, and invasive infections. Life-threatening and invasive fungal infections (FIs) are responsible for mortality and morbidity, especially for individuals with compromised immune function. The number of currently available therapeutic agents against invasive FIs is limited compared to that against bacterial infections. In addition, the increased mortality and morbidity caused by FIs are linked to the limited number of available antifungal agents, antifungal resistance, and the increased toxicity of these agents. Currently available antifungal agents have several drawbacks in efficiency, efficacy, toxicity, activity spectrum, and selectivity. It has already been demonstrated with numerous metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) that these nanoparticles can serve as an effective and alternative solution as fungicidal agents. MNPs have great potential owing to their intrinsic antifungal properties and potential to deliver antifungal drugs. For instance, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have the capacity to disturb mitochondrial calcium homeostasis induced AuNP-mediated cell death in Candida albicans. In addition, both copper nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles exerted significant suppressive properties against pathogenic fungi. Silver nanoparticles showed strong antifungal properties against numerous pathogenic fungi, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, Mortierella alpina, Chaetomium globosum, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, Trichophyton rubrum, C. tropicalis, and C. albicans. Iron oxide nanoparticles showed potent antifungal activities against A. niger and P. chrysogenum. It has also been reported that zinc oxide nanoparticles can significantly inhibit fungal growth. These NPs have already exerted potent antifungal properties against a number of pathogenic fungal species including Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and many others. Several strategies are currently used for the research and development of antifungal NPs including chemical modification of NPs and combination with the available drugs. This
review has comprehensively presented the current and innovative antifungal approach using MNPs. Moreover, different types of MNPs, their physicochemical characteristics, and production techniques have been summarized in this
review.