与其他季节的肥料施用相比,冬季肥料施用会增加养分流失和水质受损。结合审查全球动物密度分布,我们回顾了世界范围内关于减少与冬季粪便施用相关的场外养分损失的强制性法规和自愿性指南.大多数发达国家实施法规或准则来限制冬季粪便的使用,范围从管制禁令到基于天气和现场管理条件的指导方针。相比之下,发展中国家缺乏这样的官方指令,尽管越来越多的动物生产行业和对水质的关注。对五个案例研究的分析表明,指令是从减少场外粪肥养分损失的共同原理中得出的,但它们也受到当地社会经济和生物物理考虑的影响。成功的计划将特定地点的管理策略与扩大粪肥储存相结合,为农民提供更大的冬季粪肥管理灵活性。
Winter
manure application elevates nutrient losses and impairment of water quality as compared to
manure applications in other seasons. In conjunction with reviewing global distribution of animal densities, we reviewed worldwide mandatory regulations and voluntary
guidelines on efforts to reduce off-site nutrient losses associated with winter manure applications. Most of the developed countries implement regulations or
guidelines to restrict winter
manure application, which range from a regulative ban to
guidelines based upon weather and field management conditions. In contrast, developing countries lack such official directives, despite an increasing animal production industry and concern over water quality. An analysis of five case studies reveals that directives are derived from a common rationale to reduce off-site manure nutrient losses, but they are also affected by local socio-economic and biophysical considerations. Successful programs combine site-specific management strategies along with expansion of manure storage to offer farmers greater flexibility in winter
manure management.