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Many mHelath applications have been developed, and the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) is a common tool for assessing them. This study aims to provide mean values for MARS scores found in recent literature. We systematically searched for literature in which MARS was used and analyzed them. MARS values for 5,920 applications from 215 studies were compiled. The mean MARS Quality Score is 3.51. The highest average score was achieved in the Functionality category (3.98), followed by Aesthetics (3.52), Information (3.33), Engagement (3.18) and Subjective (2.72). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to calculate average values for the five categories of the MARS and the MARS score based on such an extensive collection of data. The study shows that the overall quality of the applications is above the average value of 2.5.

INTRODUCTION: Human colonization of Mars has captured the imagination of many. However, the challenges posed are immense. In microgravity, changes in human physiology, immune dysregulation, alterations of our microbiome, and enhanced virulence of various microbes are some of the barriers that stand in the way of a successful endeavor. Countermeasures can be brought to bear, but it remains unclear if success of such a mission in the foreseeable future is realistic or fanciful.Mermel L. Human evolution, microgravity, and challenges colonizing Mars. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(9):720-721.

The study of extremophilic microorganisms has sparked interest in understanding extraterrestrial microbial life. Such organisms are fundamental for investigating life forms on Saturn\'s icy moons, such as Enceladus, which is characterized by potentially habitable saline and alkaline niches. Our study focused on the salt-alkaline soil of the Al Wahbah crater in Saudi Arabia, where we identified microorganisms that could be used as biological models to understand potential life on Enceladus. The search involved isolating 48 bacterial strains, sequencing the genomes of two thermo-haloalkaliphilic strains, and characterizing them for astrobiological application. A deeper understanding of the genetic composition and functional capabilities of the two novel strains of Halalkalibacterium halodurans provided valuable insights into their survival strategies and the presence of coding genes and pathways related to adaptations to environmental stressors. We also used mass spectrometry with a molecular network approach, highlighting various classes of molecules, such as phospholipids and nonproteinogenic amino acids, as potential biosignatures. These are essential features for understanding life\'s adaptability under extreme conditions and could be used as targets for biosignatures in upcoming missions exploring Enceladus\' orbit. Furthermore, our study reinforces the need to look at new extreme environments on Earth that might contribute to the astrobiology field.

Large volumes of liquid water transiently existed on the surface of Mars more than 3 billion years ago. Much of this water is hypothesized to have been sequestered in the subsurface or lost to space. We use rock physics models and Bayesian inversion to identify combinations of lithology, liquid water saturation, porosity, and pore shape consistent with the constrained mid-crust (∼11.5 to 20 km depths) seismic velocities and gravity near the InSight lander. A mid-crust composed of fractured igneous rocks saturated with liquid water best explains the existing data. Our results have implications for understanding Mars\' water cycle, determining the fates of past surface water, searching for past or extant life, and assessing in situ resource utilization for future missions.

There is limited research about how groups solve collective action problems in uncertain environments, especially if groups are confronted with unknown unknowns. We aim to develop a more comprehensive view of the characteristics that allow both groups and individuals to navigate such issues more effectively. In this article, we present the results of a new online experiment where individuals make decisions of whether to contribute to the group or pursue self-interest in an environment with high uncertainty, including unknown unknowns. The behavioral game, Port of Mars is framed as a first-generation habitat on Mars where participants have to make decisions on how much to invest in the shared infrastructure to maintain system health and how much to invest in personal goals. Participants can chat during the game, and take surveys before and after the game in order to measure personality attributes and observations from the game. Initial results suggest that a higher average social value orientation and more communication are the key factors that explain why some groups are more successful than others in surviving Port of Mars. Neither other attributes of players nor the group\'s communication content explain the observed differences between groups.

In this study, we conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments using Escherichia coli (E. coli) and a Mars sand simulant (Mars Global Simulant MGS-1, Exolith Lab) to detect and analyze potential extraterrestrial life. The targeted DNA sequence is common among the bacterial kingdom on Earth. PCR experiments conducted after alkaline heat extraction, wherein samples with varying amounts of Mars sand simulant were compared, revealed that the simulant interfered with DNA detection. We then conducted PCR experiments following treatment with a sand DNA extraction kit on samples with various E. coli densities. DNA bands for a minimum E. coli density of 900 cells/(g sand) were confirmed, while no DNA bands were visible in the 90 cells/(g sand) sample with and without the Mars sand simulant. The total DNA mass contained in 900 cells was calculated to be 15.3 pg (i.e., 1.53 pg in 0.1 g sand sample we evaluated). We tested and compared the influence of the eluate of Mars sand simulant and DNA adsorption onto Mars sand simulant based on optical absorbance measurements. Our findings suggest that the mechanism by which the Mars sand simulant prevents PCR is through the adsorption of DNA onto the Mars sand simulant.

In recent years, extensive research has been dedicated to Mars exploration and the potential for sustainable interplanetary human colonization. One of the significant challenges in ensuring the survival of life on Mars lies in the production of food as the Martian environment is highly inhospitable to agriculture, rendering it impractical to transport food from Earth. To improve the well-being and quality of life for future space travelers on Mars, it is crucial to develop innovative horticultural techniques and food processing technologies. The unique challenges posed by the Martian environment, such as the lack of oxygen, nutrient-deficient soil, thin atmosphere, low gravity, and cold, dry climate, necessitate the development of advanced farming strategies. This study explores existing knowledge and various technological innovations that can help overcome the constraints associated with food production and water extraction on Mars. The key lies in utilizing resources available on Mars through in-situ resource utilization. Water can be extracted from beneath the ice and from the Martian soil. Furthermore, hydroponics in controlled environment chambers, equipped with nutrient delivery systems and waste recovery mechanisms, have been investigated as a means of cultivating crops on Mars. The inefficiency of livestock production, which requires substantial amounts of water and land, highlights the need for alternative protein sources such as microbial protein, insects, and in-vitro meat. Moreover, the fields of synthetic biology and 3-D food printing hold immense potential in revolutionizing food production and making significant contributions to the sustainability of human life on Mars.