PPCP几乎在环境中随处可见,特别是在水生系统中以惊人的速度和非常低的浓度发现。许多方法——包括加压热水提取(PHWE),加压液体萃取(PLE),超声辅助提取(阿联酋),和微辅助提取(MAE)-已用于从地表水和生物群中提取。固相萃取(SPE)被证明是这些极性,非挥发性,和水中的热不稳定化合物。然而,超声波提取更适合于从沉积物中分离,因为它便宜且消耗更少的溶剂,尽管SPE是沉积物样品的首选清理方法。PPCP是酸性的(例如,双氯芬酸,布洛芬,萘普生),中性(例如,咖啡因,卡马西平,氟西汀),和基本药物,以及抗生素和雌激素等。以痕量水平(ng/L)存在的PPCP通常通过液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)测定,气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS),和高效液相色谱-紫外线(HPLC-UV)。其中,LC-MS和LC-MS-MS主要用于分析这类化合物,虽然不是没有矩阵效应的退缩。GC-MS和GC-MS-MS被认为是替代的具有成本效益的方法,在衍生化后也可以获得更好的结果。
PPCPs are found almost everywhere in the environment especially at an alarming rate and at very low concentration in the aquatic systems. Many methods-including pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and micro-assisted extraction (MAE)-have been employed for their extraction from both surface waters and biota. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) proved to be the best extraction method for these polar, non-volatile, and thermally unstable compounds in water. However, ultrasonic extraction works better for their isolation from sediment because it is cheap and consumes less solvent, even though SPE is preferred as a clean-up method for sediment samples. PPCPs are in groups of-acidic (e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen), neutral (e.g., caffeine, carbamazepine, fluoxetine), and basic pharmaceuticals, as well as antibiotics and estrogens amongst others. PPCPs which are present in trace levels (ng/L) are more often determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolent (HPLC-UV). Of these, LC-MS and LC-MS-MS are mostly employed for the analysis of this class of compounds, though not without a draw-back of matrix effect. GC-MS and GC-MS-MS are considered as alternative cost-effective methods that can also give better results after derivatization.